Foundational & therapeutic peptides

Insulin is a 51-amino-acid peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose. It is the foundational peptide therapeutic and a reference point fo…

Human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1) is an alpha-defensin antimicrobial peptide with a disulfide-stabilized structure important in innate immu…

Cyclosporin A is a cyclic non-ribosomal peptide immunosuppressant used in transplant medicine — a landmark natural product peptide drug.

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) is a nine-residue peptide closely related to oxytocin, central to water balance physiology.

Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid hunger hormone requiring unique post-translational octanoylation for receptor activation — a key example of pepti…

Octreotide is a cyclic eight-amino-acid synthetic analogue of somatostatin (C49H66N10O10S2, ≈1,019 Da) with a D-phenylalanine at position 1,…

Angiotensin II is the eight-amino-acid effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (sequence DRVYIHPF, ≈1,046 Da) and a pot…

Somatostatin is a 14-residue inhibitory peptide hormone regulating growth hormone and multiple gut/pancreatic hormones.

Epithalon (epitalon) is the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG), designed from the amino-acid composition of epithalamin, a bovine…

LL-37 is the active 37-residue peptide from human cathelicidin, a cornerstone molecule in antimicrobial peptide and innate immunity research…

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide studied for effects on mitochondrial membranes and bioenergetics in experiment…

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-residue neuropeptide (HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN) first isolated from pig small intestine and …

Gonadorelin is the synthetic form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, also LHRH), the hypothalamic decapeptide pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly…

Teriparatide is the first 34 amino acids of human parathyroid hormone (PTH), produced by recombinant technology and retaining the receptor-b…

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide of glutamate, cysteine and glycine and the most abundant small-molecule antioxidant inside human cells. It…

Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide concentrated in skeletal muscle and brain. Its imidazole ring buffers protons during intense…

Larazotide (larazotide acetate, AT-1001) is a synthetic eight-amino-acid peptide studied as a regulator of intestinal tight junctions, the s…

Calcitonin is a 32-amino-acid peptide hormone secreted by thyroid C-cells that helps regulate blood calcium. Salmon calcitonin has been used…

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a 39-amino-acid pituitary hormone that drives adrenal cortisol release. As a key node of the HPA stres…

Magainins are cationic antimicrobial peptides from the skin of the African clawed frog, with magainin 2 (GIGKFLHSAKKFGKAFVGEIMNS) the best-s…

Temporins are a large family of short antimicrobial peptides first isolated from the European frog Rana temporaria. Members such as temporin…

Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is an 18-residue arginine-rich antimicrobial peptide from porcine leukocytes. Two disulfide bonds lock it into an antipar…

Indolicidin is a 13-residue cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide from bovine neutrophils, unusually rich in tryptophan and proline. It is one …

Cecropins are antimicrobial peptides first isolated from the hemolymph of the cecropia moth. Roughly 31-37 residues long, they form amphipat…

Melittin is the principal component of honeybee venom, a 26-residue amphipathic peptide that inserts into and permeabilizes lipid membranes.…

Leuprolide (leuprorelin; C59H84N16O12, ≈1,209 Da) is a synthetic nine-residue analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone with a pyroglutamat…

Goserelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist that suppresses gonadal sex-hormone production through non-pulsatile receptor stimulation.…

Nafarelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist administered intranasally. Continuous receptor activation desensitizes the pituitary and s…

Degarelix (Firmagon) is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist approved by the FDA in 2008 for advanced prostate cancer. By blocki…

Lanreotide is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin (D-Nal-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2, disulfide-bridged) that bind…

Pasireotide is a synthetic cyclohexapeptide somatostatin analog with roughly 40-fold greater affinity for somatostatin receptor 5 than earli…

Icatibant is a synthetic decapeptide peptidomimetic that selectively antagonizes the bradykinin B2 receptor. Because hereditary angioedema a…

Ziconotide is the synthetic form of an ω-conotoxin, a 25-amino-acid peptide from cone snail venom that selectively blocks N-type voltage-gat…

Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic nonapeptide analog of vasopressin, modified by deamination of the first residue and a D-arginine substit…

Terlipressin is a synthetic analog of vasopressin built by adding three glycine residues to lysine-vasopressin. It acts as a slow-release pr…

Carbetocin is a synthetic long-acting analog of oxytocin. Structural modifications extend its half-life to roughly 85-100 minutes versus a f…

Atosiban is a synthetic nonapeptide, a desamino-oxytocin analog that competitively antagonizes oxytocin and vasopressin receptors. By blocki…

Bivalirudin is a synthetic 20-residue peptide (FPRPGGGGNGDFEEIPEEYL) modelled on the leech anticoagulant hirudin. It binds thrombin at both …

Eptifibatide is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from a disintegrin in pygmy rattlesnake venom. It reversibly blocks the platelet gly…

Elabela (also called Apela or Toddler) is a micropeptide hormone identified in 2013 as a second endogenous ligand of the apelin APJ receptor…

Relaxin (H2 relaxin) is a peptide hormone of the insulin superfamily, built from A and B chains linked by disulfide bonds. Circulating relax…

Bradykinin is a nine-amino-acid signaling peptide of the kinin group, released from kininogen by kallikrein. Acting through B2 and B1 recept…

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a 28-residue cardiac hormone secreted by the atria in response to stretch. Encoded by NPPA, it signals t…

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a 32-residue hormone secreted by cardiac ventricles in response to wall stretch. Cleaved from proBNP alo…

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a 22-residue peptide of the natriuretic family that acts locally rather than as a circulating natriureti…

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino-acid peptide with two disulfide bonds (Cys1–Cys15, Cys3–Cys11), produced by endothelial and vascular smoot…

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a 52-amino-acid peptide hormone first isolated from adrenal-medulla tumor tissue in 1993. Widely expressed and circu…

Guanylin is a 15-amino-acid peptide secreted by goblet cells of the colon and encoded by GUCA2A. As an endogenous agonist of the guanylate c…

Urotensin-II (U-II) is an 11-amino-acid cyclic peptide encoded by UTS2 and described as one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known. Actin…

Catestatin is a 21-amino-acid peptide cleaved from chromogranin A and released from neuroendocrine secretory granules. As a non-competitive …

Pexiganan (MSI-78) is a 22-amino-acid synthetic antimicrobial peptide derived from the frog-skin peptide magainin 2. It folds into an amphip…

Omiganan is a synthetic 12-amino-acid cationic peptide analog of indolicidin, a host-defense peptide from bovine neutrophils. It depolarizes…

Murepavadin (POL7080) is a synthetic cyclic beta-hairpin peptidomimetic derived from the host-defense peptide protegrin I. Unlike broad memb…

Plectasin is a 40-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide from the saprophytic fungus Pseudoplectania nigrella, and the first defensin discovered i…

Gramicidin is a 15-residue linear peptide antibiotic from the soil bacterium Brevibacillus brevis, notable for alternating L- and D-amino ac…

Polymyxin B is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic from Paenibacillus polymyxa, produced as a mixture of closely related components. Its cationi…

Colistin, also called polymyxin E, is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic from Paenibacillus species and a close relative of polymyxin B. It dis…

Daptomycin is a 13-amino-acid cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces roseosporus. In the presence of calcium it…

Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus licheniformis. It inhibits dephosphorylation of C55-i…

Nisin is a 34-amino-acid lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis, containing unusual post-translationally modified residues such as lanth…

Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic complex first isolated in 1978 from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus, sharing the mechanism of vancomyc…

Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino-acid peptide from deathstalker scorpion venom, stabilized by four disulfide bonds. It binds targets enriched on gl…

Apamin is an 18-amino-acid neurotoxic peptide from honeybee venom, cross-linked by two disulfide bonds into a compact fold. It is the classi…

Huwentoxins are a family of neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the Chinese bird spider, most sharing the highly stable inhibitor cystine-…

Mambalgins are three-finger-toxin peptides isolated from black mamba venom that inhibit acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) by trapping them i…

Teixobactin is an 11-residue nonribosomal depsipeptide antibiotic from the soil bacterium Eleftheria terrae, discovered in 2015 using the iC…

Triptorelin is a synthetic decapeptide analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and a long-acting agonist at the GnRH receptor. It is…

Histrelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist peptide administered as a subcutaneous implant that releases drug continuously over about a year. It i…

Buserelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist peptide used to suppress sex-hormone production in hormone-dependent conditions. It is an approved pre…

Deslorelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist peptide used primarily in veterinary medicine. As implants such as Suprelorin and Ovuplant, it is app…

Cetrorelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist that competitively blocks the GnRH receptor. It is an approved prescription medicine u…

Ganirelix is a synthetic third-generation GnRH antagonist decapeptide, approved by the FDA and EMA to prevent premature luteinising-hormone …

Abarelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist developed for advanced prostate cancer. It was introduced in the United States in 2003 b…

Teverelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist that binds competitively and reversibly to pituitary GnRH receptors, suppressing lutein…

Vapreotide is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin that activates somatostatin receptors. It has been studied and used in s…

Seglitide (MK-678) is a synthetic cyclic hexapeptide analog of somatostatin with strong activity at the SSTR2 receptor subtype. It has been …

Aviptadil is an injectable synthetic form of human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide. It has been investigat…

Leptin is a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that reports the body's energy stores to the brain, reducing food intake and regulating bo…

Cosyntropin (tetracosactide) is a synthetic 24-residue peptide identical to the fully active N-terminal portion of ACTH. It retains full mel…

Icotrokinra (JNJ-77242113) is an orally bioactive macrocyclic peptide that selectively binds the interleukin-23 receptor and blocks its sign…

Pegcetacoplan is a PEGylated peptide complement inhibitor: two identical 13-amino-acid cyclic compstatin-derived peptides bridged by a 40 kD…

Motixafortide (Aphexda, BL-8040) is a synthetic 14-amino-acid CXCR4 antagonist peptide derived from a horseshoe crab protein. By blocking th…

Bulevirtide (Hepcludex) is a synthetic lipopeptide copied from the pre-S1 domain of the hepatitis B virus large envelope protein. It binds t…

Aprotinin is a 58-amino-acid Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor isolated from bovine lung, identical to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibit…

Desirudin (Iprivask, Revasc) is a recombinant 65-amino-acid form of hirudin, the anticoagulant polypeptide from the saliva of the medicinal …

Pentagastrin (Peptavlon) is a synthetic five-residue peptide — Boc-β-Ala-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 — built on the C-terminal tetrapeptide shared b…

Edotreotide (DOTATOC) is a somatostatin receptor agonist peptide conjugated to the chelator DOTA so that it can carry a radiometal to somato…

Etelcalcetide (Parsabiv, AMG 416) is a synthetic seven-residue D-amino-acid peptide with a disulfide-linked L-cysteine that activates the ca…

Palopegteriparatide (TransCon PTH, Yorvipath) is a prodrug of parathyroid hormone: the active PTH(1-34) fragment is attached N-terminally to…

Salmon calcitonin is a 32-amino-acid peptide (C145H242N44O48S2, ≈3,434 Da) that shares the calcitonin family's N-terminal disulfide ring and…

Seractide acetate is the acetate salt of full-length (39-residue) human corticotropin, C207H308N56O58S, about 4,541 Da. It received a US app…

Bevifibatide (batifiban, Betagrin) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide (C34H47N11O9S2, ≈818 Da) built around the RGD integrin-binding motif. …

Ecallantide (DX-88, Kalbitor) is a 60-amino-acid recombinant peptide (C305H442N88O91S8, ≈7,054 Da) that inhibits human plasma kallikrein, th…

Lepirudin (Refludan) is a 65-residue recombinant hirudin, the anticoagulant peptide from leech saliva, differing from native hirudin by leuc…

Vilon is the synthetic dipeptide Lys-Glu (KE), one of the short “peptide bioregulators” developed by Vladimir Khavinson's institute in St Pe…

FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the interaction between the transcription factor FOXO4 and p53 inside s…

Nesiritide is the recombinant form of human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), with an amino-acid sequence identical to the endogenous hormon…

Enfuvirtide (T-20, Fuzeon) is a synthetic 36-amino-acid peptide that blocks HIV-1 entry by binding the gp41 envelope glycoprotein and preven…

Lutetium (177Lu) dotatate, marketed as Lutathera, is a radiolabelled somatostatin analogue: the peptide octreotate, linked through the chela…

Lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan, marketed as Pluvicto and formerly 177Lu-PSMA-617, is a radioligand therapy in which a peptidomimetic…

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the 84-amino-acid peptide the parathyroid glands secrete to raise blood calcium: it enhances renal calcium reab…