Foundational & therapeutic peptides

Insulin is a 51-amino-acid peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose. It is the foundational peptide therapeutic and a reference point fo…

Human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1) is an alpha-defensin antimicrobial peptide with a disulfide-stabilized structure important in innate immu…

Cyclosporin A is a cyclic non-ribosomal peptide immunosuppressant used in transplant medicine — a landmark natural product peptide drug.

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) is a nine-residue peptide closely related to oxytocin, central to water balance physiology.

Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid hunger hormone requiring unique post-translational octanoylation for receptor activation — a key example of pepti…

Octreotide is an eight-amino-acid cyclic analog of somatostatin used clinically for hormone-secreting tumors and related indications.

Angiotensin II is an eight-amino-acid peptide central to blood-pressure regulation via the renin–angiotensin system.

Somatostatin is a 14-residue inhibitory peptide hormone regulating growth hormone and multiple gut/pancreatic hormones.

Epithalon (epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (AEDG) associated with pineal and aging research literature. It is a high-intent educationa…

LL-37 is the active 37-residue peptide from human cathelicidin, a cornerstone molecule in antimicrobial peptide and innate immunity research…

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide studied for effects on mitochondrial membranes and bioenergetics in experiment…

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide involved in smooth muscle relaxation, immune modulation, and circadian b…

Gonadorelin is a synthetic decapeptide identical to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Acting on the pituitary, it stimulates release of…

Teriparatide is the first 34 amino acids of human parathyroid hormone (PTH), produced by recombinant technology and retaining the receptor-b…

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide of glutamate, cysteine and glycine and the most abundant small-molecule antioxidant inside human cells. It…

Carnosine is a dipeptide of beta-alanine and histidine that is concentrated in skeletal muscle and brain tissue. Its imidazole side chain co…

Larazotide (larazotide acetate, AT-1001) is a synthetic eight-amino-acid peptide studied as a regulator of intestinal tight junctions, the s…

Calcitonin is a 32-amino-acid peptide hormone secreted by thyroid C-cells that helps regulate blood calcium. Salmon calcitonin has been used…

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a 39-amino-acid pituitary hormone that drives adrenal cortisol release. As a key node of the HPA stres…

Magainins are cationic antimicrobial peptides from the skin of the African clawed frog, with magainin 2 (GIGKFLHSAKKFGKAFVGEIMNS) the best-s…

Temporins are a large family of short antimicrobial peptides first isolated from the European frog Rana temporaria. Members such as temporin…

Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is an 18-residue arginine-rich antimicrobial peptide from porcine leukocytes. Two disulfide bonds lock it into an antipar…

Indolicidin is a 13-residue cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide from bovine neutrophils, unusually rich in tryptophan and proline. It is one …

Cecropins are antimicrobial peptides first isolated from the hemolymph of the cecropia moth. Roughly 31-37 residues long, they form amphipat…

Melittin is the principal component of honeybee venom, a 26-residue amphipathic peptide that inserts into and permeabilizes lipid membranes.…

Leuprolide (leuprorelin) is a synthetic decapeptide analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Given continuously it desensitizes pituitary G…

Goserelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist that suppresses gonadal sex-hormone production through non-pulsatile receptor stimulation.…

Nafarelin is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist administered intranasally. Continuous receptor activation desensitizes the pituitary and s…

Degarelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH receptor antagonist approved for advanced hormone-dependent prostate cancer. Unlike GnRH agonists,…

Lanreotide is a synthetic octapeptide analog of somatostatin that binds the same inhibitory receptors but resists degradation for far longer…

Pasireotide is a synthetic cyclohexapeptide somatostatin analog with roughly 40-fold greater affinity for somatostatin receptor 5 than earli…

Icatibant is a synthetic decapeptide peptidomimetic that selectively antagonizes the bradykinin B2 receptor. Because hereditary angioedema a…

Abaloparatide is a synthetic 34-amino-acid analog sharing about 76% homology with parathyroid hormone-related protein (1-34). It selectively…

Ziconotide is the synthetic form of an ω-conotoxin, a 25-amino-acid peptide from cone snail venom that selectively blocks N-type voltage-gat…

Desmopressin (DDAVP) is a synthetic nonapeptide analog of vasopressin, modified by deamination of the first residue and a D-arginine substit…

Terlipressin is a synthetic analog of vasopressin built by adding three glycine residues to lysine-vasopressin. It acts as a slow-release pr…

Carbetocin is a synthetic long-acting analog of oxytocin. Structural modifications extend its half-life to roughly 85-100 minutes versus a f…

Atosiban is a synthetic nonapeptide, a desamino-oxytocin analog that competitively antagonizes oxytocin and vasopressin receptors. By blocki…

Bivalirudin is a synthetic 20-amino-acid peptide modeled on the leech anticoagulant hirudin. It binds thrombin bivalently, occupying both th…

Eptifibatide is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide derived from a disintegrin in pygmy rattlesnake venom. It reversibly blocks the platelet gly…

Elabela (also called Apela or Toddler) is a micropeptide hormone identified in 2013 as a second endogenous ligand of the apelin APJ receptor…

Relaxin (H2 relaxin) is a peptide hormone of the insulin superfamily, built from A and B chains linked by disulfide bonds. Circulating relax…

Bradykinin is a nine-amino-acid signaling peptide of the kinin group, released from kininogen by kallikrein. Acting through B2 and B1 recept…

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a 28-residue cardiac hormone secreted by the atria in response to stretch. Encoded by NPPA, it signals t…

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a 32-residue hormone secreted by cardiac ventricles in response to wall stretch. Cleaved from proBNP alo…

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a 22-residue peptide of the natriuretic family that acts locally rather than as a circulating natriureti…

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino-acid peptide produced mainly by vascular endothelial cells and is the most potent endogenous vasoconstrict…

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a 52-amino-acid peptide hormone first isolated from adrenal-medulla tumor tissue in 1993. Widely expressed and circu…

Guanylin is a 15-amino-acid peptide secreted by goblet cells of the colon and encoded by GUCA2A. As an endogenous agonist of the guanylate c…

Urotensin-II (U-II) is an 11-amino-acid cyclic peptide encoded by UTS2 and described as one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known. Actin…

Catestatin is a 21-amino-acid peptide cleaved from chromogranin A and released from neuroendocrine secretory granules. As a non-competitive …

Pexiganan (MSI-78) is a 22-amino-acid synthetic antimicrobial peptide derived from the frog-skin peptide magainin 2. It folds into an amphip…

Omiganan is a synthetic 12-amino-acid cationic peptide analog of indolicidin, a host-defense peptide from bovine neutrophils. It depolarizes…

Murepavadin (POL7080) is a synthetic cyclic beta-hairpin peptidomimetic derived from the host-defense peptide protegrin I. Unlike broad memb…

Plectasin is a 40-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide from the saprophytic fungus Pseudoplectania nigrella, and the first defensin discovered i…

Gramicidin is a 15-residue linear peptide antibiotic from the soil bacterium Brevibacillus brevis, notable for alternating L- and D-amino ac…

Polymyxin B is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic from Paenibacillus polymyxa, produced as a mixture of closely related components. Its cationi…

Colistin, also called polymyxin E, is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic from Paenibacillus species and a close relative of polymyxin B. It dis…

Daptomycin is a 13-amino-acid cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces roseosporus. In the presence of calcium it…

Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus licheniformis. It inhibits dephosphorylation of C55-i…

Nisin is a 34-amino-acid lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis, containing unusual post-translationally modified residues such as lanth…

Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic complex first isolated in 1978 from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus, sharing the mechanism of vancomyc…

Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino-acid peptide from deathstalker scorpion venom, stabilized by four disulfide bonds. It binds targets enriched on gl…

Apamin is an 18-amino-acid neurotoxic peptide from honeybee venom, cross-linked by two disulfide bonds into a compact fold. It is the classi…

Huwentoxins are a family of neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the Chinese bird spider, most sharing the highly stable inhibitor cystine-…

Mambalgins are three-finger-toxin peptides isolated from black mamba venom that inhibit acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) by trapping them i…

Teixobactin is an 11-residue nonribosomal depsipeptide antibiotic from the soil bacterium Eleftheria terrae, discovered in 2015 using the iC…

Triptorelin is a synthetic decapeptide analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and a long-acting agonist at the GnRH receptor. It is…

Histrelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist peptide administered as a subcutaneous implant that releases drug continuously over about a year. It i…

Buserelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist peptide used to suppress sex-hormone production in hormone-dependent conditions. It is an approved pre…

Deslorelin is a synthetic GnRH agonist peptide used primarily in veterinary medicine. As implants such as Suprelorin and Ovuplant, it is app…

Cetrorelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist that competitively blocks the GnRH receptor. It is an approved prescription medicine u…

Ganirelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist that competitively blocks the pituitary GnRH receptor. It is an approved prescription m…

Abarelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist developed for advanced prostate cancer. It was introduced in the United States in 2003 b…

Teverelix is a synthetic decapeptide GnRH antagonist that binds competitively and reversibly to pituitary GnRH receptors, suppressing lutein…

Vapreotide is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin that activates somatostatin receptors. It has been studied and used in s…

Seglitide (MK-678) is a synthetic cyclic hexapeptide analog of somatostatin with strong activity at the SSTR2 receptor subtype. It has been …

Aviptadil is an injectable synthetic form of human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide. It has been investigat…