19 of 19 selected study records shown · All compounds · All settings · All material categories

1. BPC-157Human studiesAuthor-labelled; identity not fully characterized here

   Lee & Padgett, 2021 · PMID 34324435

   Material tested

   Author-labelled BPC-157 alone or with TB4; exact batch identity not established here.

   Model or population

   People with different causes of knee pain.

   Study design

   Single-clinic retrospective chart review and telephone follow-up; no control group.

   Sample and comparison

   17 records; 16 reached: 12 BPC-157 alone, 4 BPC-157 + TB4.

   Reported finding

   Reported improvement: 11/12 with BPC-157 alone and 3/4 with the combination.

   Limits of this evidence

   Self-report, variable follow-up and no validated functional measures. Cannot establish efficacy or added combination benefit.

   Source access: Primary abstract and author-hosted full text inspected.

   Read primary source ↗: Lee & Padgett, 2021 · PMID 34324435Full evidence brief →: BPC-157

   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324435/

   Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

2. BPC-157Human studiesAuthor-labelled; identity not fully characterized here

   Lee & Burgess, 2025 · PMID 40131143

   Material tested

   Intravenous BPC-157-labelled preparation; exact formulation not characterized in the retrieved abstract.

   Model or population

   Two adults previously exposed to intravenous BPC-157.

   Study design

   Uncontrolled safety pilot; blood tests and vital signs across three days.

   Sample and comparison

   2 participants.

   Reported finding

   No reported side effects or measurable changes in the tested organ and metabolic biomarkers.

   Limits of this evidence

   No efficacy endpoint. Two prior-exposed people and short observation cannot establish general or long-term safety.

   Source access: Primary abstract inspected; publisher full text unavailable during this review.

   Read primary source ↗: Lee & Burgess, 2025 · PMID 40131143Full evidence brief →: BPC-157

   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/

   Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

3. BPC-157Animal studiesAuthor-labelled; identity not fully characterized here

   Biçer et al., 2026 · PMID 42542926

   Material tested

   Authors' BPC-157 preparation; comparator and combination used TB-500-labelled material.

   Model or population

   Male rats after Achilles tendon transection and surgical repair.

   Study design

   Randomized four-arm experiment; assessment at four weeks.

   Sample and comparison

   32 rats, 8/group; separate biomechanical and histology cohorts of 4/group.

   Reported finding

   BPC-157 failure load was not significantly different from control (adjusted p=0.389). Combination showed no added benefit.

   Limits of this evidence

   Small animal endpoint cohorts; no human efficacy inference. TB-500 sequence was not characterized.

   Source access: Primary journal full text and PubMed abstract inspected.

   Read primary source ↗: Biçer et al., 2026 · PMID 42542926Full evidence brief →: BPC-157

   https://jointdrs.org/full-text/1851

   Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

4. TB-500Laboratory / metabolismAnimal studiesDefined fragment

   Rahaman et al., 2024 · PMID 38382158

   Material tested

   Defined Ac-LKKTETQ and synthesized metabolite standards.

   Model or population

   Human serum/enzyme systems, rats and cultured fibroblasts.

   Study design

   Analytical/metabolism experiments and an in-vitro wound-closure screen.

   Sample and comparison

   Sample counts not reported in the retrieved abstract.

   Reported finding

   Ac-LKKTE, not parent Ac-LKKTETQ, significantly increased wound closure versus control in the cell assay.

   Limits of this evidence

   A cell assay and metabolism measurements do not establish tendon healing or clinical efficacy. Full methods were not retrieved.

   Source access: Primary abstract inspected; full-text methods unavailable during this review.

   Read primary source ↗: Rahaman et al., 2024 · PMID 38382158Full evidence brief →: TB-500

   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382158/

   Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

5. TB-500Animal studiesAuthor-labelled; identity not fully characterized here

   Biçer et al., 2026 · PMID 42542926

   Material tested

   Authors' TB-500-labelled material; sequence not characterized as Ac-LKKTETQ.

   Model or population

   Rats after Achilles tendon transection and repair.

   Study design

   Randomized four-arm experiment including BPC-157 and a combination; four-week endpoint.

   Sample and comparison

   32 rats, 8/group; separate endpoint cohorts of 4/group.

   Reported finding

   TB-labelled material improved failure load versus control (adjusted p=0.0406); combination showed no added benefit.

   Limits of this evidence

   Cannot attribute this result to the selected Ac-LKKTETQ fragment. Small animal cohorts do not establish human benefit.

   Source access: Primary journal full text and PubMed abstract inspected.

   Read primary source ↗: Biçer et al., 2026 · PMID 42542926Full evidence brief →: TB-500

   https://jointdrs.org/full-text/1851

   Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

6. TB-500Human studiesFull-length parent peptide

   Sosne & Ousler, 2015 · PMID 26056426

   Material tested

   RGN-259 ophthalmic full-length 43-residue thymosin β4, not Ac-LKKTETQ.

   Model or population

   Adults with moderate-to-severe dry eye.

   Study design

   Single-center randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase II trial; 28 days.

   Sample and comparison

   72 randomized, 36/group; 69 completed.

   Reported finding

   Neither primary endpoint differed significantly; several secondary measures favored treatment.

   Limits of this evidence

   Different molecule, formulation and indication. Secondary findings cannot validate the fragment or injectable TB-500.

   Source access: Primary full-text sections retrieved in indexed results; PubMed abstract corroborated.

   Read primary source ↗: Sosne & Ousler, 2015 · PMID 26056426Full evidence brief →: TB-500

   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4445951/

   Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

7. SemaglutideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

   Wilding et al., 2021 · STEP 1 · PMID 33567185

   Material tested

   Trial semaglutide solution for subcutaneous injection, a modified GLP-1 analogue; historical target arm 2.4 mg versus matching placebo. Both groups received lifestyle support.

   Model or population

   Adults without diabetes: BMI ≥30, or ≥27 with a weight-related condition.

   Study design

   Multicenter randomized, double-blind phase III trial; 2:1 allocation and 68-week weight endpoints.

   Sample and comparison

   1,961 randomized and in the full analysis set: 1,306 semaglutide, 655 placebo. Week-68 weight observations: 1,212 and 577.

   Reported finding

   Coprimary endpoints: modelled weight change −14.9% versus −2.4%; adjusted difference −12.4 percentage points (95% CI −13.4 to −11.5). ≥5% loss was observed in 1,047/1,212 (86.4%) versus 182/577 (31.5%).

   Limits of this evidence

   The treatment-policy estimate includes discontinuation/rescue and imputed missing data; threshold percentages use observed participants. This row does not establish durability after stopping treatment. Gastrointestinal-event discontinuations: 4.5% versus 0.8%.

   Source access: Primary abstract, indexed journal methods/results and registry results inspected; direct journal full text unavailable.

   Read primary source ↗: Wilding et al., 2021 · STEP 1 · PMID 33567185Full evidence brief →: Semaglutide

   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/

   Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

8. SemaglutideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

   Lincoff et al., 2023 · SELECT · PMID 37952131

   Material tested

   Trial semaglutide for subcutaneous injection, a modified GLP-1 analogue; historical target arm 2.4 mg versus placebo, added to standard care.

   Model or population

   Age ≥45, BMI ≥27 and established cardiovascular disease; no history of diabetes.

   Study design

   Multicenter randomized, double-blind, event-driven superiority trial; mean follow-up 39.8 months.

   Sample and comparison

   17,604 randomized and analyzed as assigned: 8,803 semaglutide, 8,801 placebo.

   Reported finding

   Primary cardiovascular death/nonfatal heart attack/nonfatal stroke composite: 569/8,803 (6.5%) versus 701/8,801 (8.0%); hazard ratio 0.80 (95% CI 0.72–0.90). That is 20% lower hazard; the observed proportions differ by 1.5 percentage points.

   Limits of this evidence

   Secondary prevention, not a population without established cardiovascular disease. Adverse-event discontinuations: 16.6% versus 8.2%. Cardiovascular death alone missed the hierarchical significance threshold; the composite does not establish benefit for every component.

   Source access: Primary abstract, indexed journal methods/results and registry results inspected; direct journal full text unavailable.

   Read primary source ↗: Lincoff et al., 2023 · SELECT · PMID 37952131Full evidence brief →: Semaglutide

   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37952131/

   Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

9. SemaglutideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

   Perkovic et al., 2024 · FLOW · PMID 38785209

   Material tested

   Trial semaglutide for subcutaneous injection, a modified GLP-1 analogue; historical trial arm 1.0 mg versus placebo, with standard care.

   Model or population

   Adults with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease; eGFR 25–75 mL/min/1.73 m² with trial-specific albuminuria thresholds.

   Study design

   Randomized, double-blind phase III trial; median follow-up 3.4 years. Stopped early after a prespecified interim analysis.

   Sample and comparison

   3,533 randomized and in the full analysis set: 1,767 semaglutide, 1,766 placebo.

   Reported finding

   Primary kidney failure/persistent ≥50% eGFR decline/kidney or cardiovascular death composite: 331/1,767 versus 410/1,766; hazard ratio 0.76 (95% CI 0.66–0.88), or 24% lower hazard. Observed proportions: 18.7% versus 23.2%, a 4.5-point difference.

   Limits of this evidence

   The composite includes cardiovascular death, not kidney failure alone. Selected diabetes/kidney-disease population; early stopping limits longer follow-up. The 4.5-point difference is an unadjusted events/randomized calculation, not a survival-adjusted estimate or personal risk prediction.

   Source access: Primary abstract and trial-registry methods/results inspected; direct journal full text unavailable.

   Read primary source ↗: Perkovic et al., 2024 · FLOW · PMID 38785209Full evidence brief →: Semaglutide

   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38785209/

   Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

10. TirzepatideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

    Frías et al., 2021 · SURPASS-2 · PMID 34170647

    Material tested

    Study-supplied subcutaneous tirzepatide (LY3298176), target arms 5/10/15 mg; subcutaneous semaglutide 1 mg comparator.

    Model or population

    Adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin.

    Study design

    Phase 3, 40 weeks; randomized 1:1:1:1, open-label between products; tirzepatide dose groups double-blinded.

    Sample and comparison

    1,879 randomized: 471/469/470 versus 469. Modified intention-to-treat analysis: 1,878 who received study drug (470/469/470 versus 469); missing values estimated.

    Reported finding

    Primary HbA1c change at week 40, treatment-regimen estimate: −2.01/−2.24/−2.30 percentage points for 5/10/15 mg versus −1.86 with semaglutide 1 mg. Each comparison favored tirzepatide (p=0.02/<0.001/<0.001).

    Limits of this evidence

    Open-label, 40-week glycemic comparison in diabetes; no comparison with semaglutide 2.4 mg for obesity. Gastrointestinal adverse events were common; this 40-week trial does not establish long-term safety.

    Source access: Primary journal abstract, Methods and Results retrieved in indexed search; direct full-text access blocked. Registry participant flow cross-checked.

    Read primary source ↗: Frías et al., 2021 · SURPASS-2 · PMID 34170647Full evidence brief →: Tirzepatide

    https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107519

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

11. TirzepatideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

    Jastreboff et al., 2022 · SURMOUNT-1 · PMID 35658024

    Material tested

    Study-supplied subcutaneous tirzepatide (LY3298176), target arms 5/10/15 mg versus matching placebo; lifestyle support in all groups.

    Model or population

    Adults without diabetes: BMI ≥30, or ≥27 with a weight-related complication.

    Study design

    Phase 3, randomized 1:1:1:1, double-blind, placebo-controlled; initial 72-week report.

    Sample and comparison

    2,539 randomized and included in intention-to-treat analysis: 630/636/630 versus 643 placebo. Estimates include missing-data handling, not only participants completing treatment.

    Reported finding

    Coprimary outcomes at week 72, treatment-regimen estimates: mean weight change −15.0/−19.5/−20.9% for 5/10/15 mg versus −3.1% placebo; ≥5% weight loss in 85/89/91% versus 35%. All comparisons p<0.001.

    Limits of this evidence

    Initial 72-week placebo comparison without diabetes, excluding later follow-up; no active-drug ranking. Mean benefit must be considered alongside gastrointestinal adverse events and treatment discontinuations.

    Source access: Primary abstract and indexed journal Methods/Results inspected; direct journal full-text access blocked. Official registry design and counts corroborated.

    Read primary source ↗: Jastreboff et al., 2022 · SURMOUNT-1 · PMID 35658024Full evidence brief →: Tirzepatide

    https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

12. TirzepatideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

    Aronne et al., 2024 · SURMOUNT-4 · PMID 38078870

    Material tested

    Study-supplied subcutaneous tirzepatide (LY3298176), tolerated target 10 or 15 mg; continuation versus matching placebo after lead-in, with lifestyle support.

    Model or population

    Adults without diabetes: BMI ≥30, or ≥27 with a weight-related complication; randomization restricted to lead-in completers tolerating treatment.

    Study design

    Phase 3 withdrawal trial: 36-week open-label lead-in, then 52 weeks randomized 1:1, double-blind continuation versus placebo.

    Sample and comparison

    783 entered lead-in; 782 received drug. 670 eligible tolerators randomized/analyzed, 335/group; 600 completed. The primary estimate includes all randomized participants with missing-data handling.

    Reported finding

    Primary estimated weight change from week 36 to 88: −5.5% continuing tirzepatide versus +14.0% after switching to placebo; difference −19.4 percentage points (95% CI −21.2 to −17.7; p<0.001).

    Limits of this evidence

    Withdrawal comparison in selected tolerators, not initial efficacy or tolerability among all 783 entrants. Lifetime benefit and safety are not established.

    Source access: Primary JAMA full text inspected, including Methods, Results and limitations; official registry participant flow cross-checked.

    Read primary source ↗: Aronne et al., 2024 · SURMOUNT-4 · PMID 38078870Full evidence brief →: Tirzepatide

    https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812936

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

13. RetatrutideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

    Jastreboff et al., 2026 · TRIUMPH-1 · PMID 42814954

    Material tested

    Study-supplied subcutaneous retatrutide (LY3437943), target arms 4/9/12 mg versus placebo.

    Model or population

    Adults without diabetes: BMI ≥30, or ≥27 with a weight-related complication.

    Study design

    TRIUMPH-1: phase 3, randomized, double-blind; 80 weeks. Primary weight comparisons: 9/12 mg versus placebo; additional subgroup pain and sleep-apnea endpoints.

    Sample and comparison

    Paper reports 2,339 randomized; official registry lists 2,335 enrolled. Difference unresolved; arm-level analysis counts not verified in the retrieved abstract.

    Reported finding

    Week-80 weight change, treatment-regimen/ITT estimate: −17.6/−23.7/−25.0% for 4/9/12 mg versus −3.9% placebo. Primary 9/12-mg differences: −19.8/−21.0 percentage points (both p<0.001).

    Limits of this evidence

    Pain and sleep-apnea primary results concern subgroups and different estimands, not the full weight population. Gastrointestinal events were most common; detailed methods and longer-term safety are not established by this abstract.

    Source access: Primary journal and PubMed abstracts plus official registry inspected; full text and supplement could not be retrieved. Enrollment discrepancy remains unresolved.

    Read primary source ↗: Jastreboff et al., 2026 · TRIUMPH-1 · PMID 42814954Full evidence brief →: Retatrutide

    https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2604169

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

14. RetatrutideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

    Bellido et al., 2026 · TRIUMPH-2 · PMID 42810372

    Material tested

    Study-supplied subcutaneous retatrutide (LY3437943), target arms 4/9/12 mg versus placebo.

    Model or population

    Adults with BMI ≥27 and type 2 diabetes, HbA1c 6.5–10.5%, on stable diet/exercise alone or up to three oral glucose-lowering medicines.

    Study design

    TRIUMPH-2: phase 3, randomized 1:1:1:1, double-blind, placebo-controlled; 80 weeks. Primary weight comparisons: 9/12 mg; 4 mg was a key secondary comparison.

    Sample and comparison

    1,152 randomized/analyzed: 292/284/287 versus 289; 965 completed study drug. Safety counts: 292/284/286 versus 287 who received drug. Primary missing values multiply imputed.

    Reported finding

    Primary week-80 weight change, treatment-regimen estimate: −16.8/−18.8% for 9/12 mg versus −5.1% placebo. Differences: −11.8/−13.8 percentage points (95% CI −13.7 to −9.8/−15.8 to −11.8; both p<0.0001).

    Limits of this evidence

    Placebo comparison in a selected diabetes population. Gastrointestinal events were more frequent with retatrutide; permanent discontinuation due to adverse events or death was 12/8% at 9/12 mg versus 5% placebo. No active-drug ranking or long-term safety conclusion.

    Source access: Primary PubMed abstract and official registry inspected; publisher full text could not be retrieved. Analysis populations and imputation are stated in the abstract; detailed methods were not read.

    Read primary source ↗: Bellido et al., 2026 · TRIUMPH-2 · PMID 42810372Full evidence brief →: Retatrutide

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42810372/

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

15. RetatrutideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

    Bajaj et al., 2026 · TRANSCEND-T2D-1 · PMID 42250575

    Material tested

    Study-supplied subcutaneous retatrutide (LY3437943), target arms 4/9/12 mg versus placebo.

    Model or population

    Adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by diet/exercise alone, HbA1c 7.0–9.5% and BMI ≥23.

    Study design

    TRANSCEND-T2D-1: phase 3, randomized 1:1:1:1, double-blind, placebo-controlled; 40 weeks. Primary endpoint: HbA1c change.

    Sample and comparison

    537 randomized: 134/133/136 versus 134 placebo. 490 completed the treatment period on drug; 504 completed the study. Abstract does not detail analysis-set exclusions.

    Reported finding

    Primary week-40 HbA1c change, treatment-regimen estimate: −1.69/−1.86/−1.94 percentage points for 4/9/12 mg versus −0.81 placebo. Adjusted differences: −0.88/−1.04/−1.12 points (all p<0.0001); not relative percent changes.

    Limits of this evidence

    Monotherapy population and 40-week glycemic endpoint; not a cardiovascular-outcomes trial. Gastrointestinal events were common; adverse-event discontinuations were 2–5% versus 0% placebo. Full estimand implementation and long-term safety remain unverified here.

    Source access: Primary PubMed abstract and official registry inspected; publisher full text could not be retrieved. Detailed missing-data methods and analysis-set counts were not available in the abstract.

    Read primary source ↗: Bajaj et al., 2026 · TRANSCEND-T2D-1 · PMID 42250575Full evidence brief →: Retatrutide

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42250575/

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

16. RetatrutideHuman studiesModified peptide analogue

    Sanyal et al., 2024 · MASLD substudy · PMID 38858523

    Material tested

    Study-supplied subcutaneous retatrutide (LY3437943), 1/4/8/12 mg versus matching placebo, with lifestyle counseling. Starting-dose subgroups pooled at 4/8 mg.

    Model or population

    Adults without diabetes in an obesity trial, with baseline MRI liver fat ≥10%; selected MASLD substudy.

    Study design

    Phase 2a substudy of randomized, double-blind NCT04881760; 48-week treatment, primary liver-fat endpoint at 24 weeks. Efficacy estimand excludes post-discontinuation data; continuous-outcome mixed model without imputation.

    Sample and comparison

    98 of the parent trial's 338 participants: 20/19/22/18 versus 19 placebo. Week-24 MRIs available for 77: 16/15/17/15 versus 14. Shared cohort, not independent replication.

    Reported finding

    Primary relative MRI-PDFF liver-fat change at week 24: −42.9/−57.0/−81.4/−82.4% for 1/4/8/12 mg versus +0.3% placebo (all p<0.001). These are relative reductions, not absolute liver-fat percentage-point changes.

    Limits of this evidence

    Small selected subset, missing imaging and exclusion of data after intercurrent events; no multiplicity adjustment. Imaging fat reduction does not demonstrate biopsy-confirmed MASH resolution, fibrosis regression or clinical liver benefit. Sponsor participated in design, analysis and report writing.

    Source access: Primary Nature Medicine full text inspected, including Methods, Results, figure counts and limitations; parent registry corroborated. Supplementary files and individual participant data not reviewed.

    Read primary source ↗: Sanyal et al., 2024 · MASLD substudy · PMID 38858523Full evidence brief →: Retatrutide

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03018-2

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

17. GHK-CuHuman studiesAuthor-labelled; identity not fully characterized here

    Mulder et al., 1994 · PMID 17147644

    Material tested

    Authors' topical GHK–Cu gel versus vehicle; exact formulation unavailable in the abstract.

    Model or population

    People with diabetic neuropathic ulcers.

    Study design

    Multicenter randomized, evaluator-blinded comparison; standardized wound care in both groups.

    Sample and comparison

    Randomized/analyzed counts and follow-up timepoint not reported in the retrieved abstract.

    Reported finding

    Plantar-ulcer median area closure: 98.5% versus 60.8% with vehicle (p<0.05). These are area changes, not percentages of patients completely healed.

    Limits of this evidence

    Abstract-only subgroup result with unknown denominators and precision; no systemic or injectable inference.

    Source access: Primary PubMed and publisher abstracts inspected; full text and funding disclosures unavailable.

    Read primary source ↗: Mulder et al., 1994 · PMID 17147644Full evidence brief →: GHK-Cu

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17147644/

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

18. GHK-CuHuman studiesAuthor-labelled; identity not fully characterized here

    Miller et al., 2006 · PMID 16847171

    Material tested

    Topical regimens with or without GHK–Cu; concentration and complete product composition unavailable.

    Model or population

    Patients after circumoral CO₂ laser resurfacing.

    Study design

    Randomized comparison; blinded/image-based erythema assessment and 12-week skin assessments.

    Sample and comparison

    13 completed; randomized total and arm counts unavailable in the abstract.

    Reported finding

    No significant between-group difference in erythema, wrinkles or objective skin quality; questionnaire-reported skin improvement favored GHK–Cu (p=0.04).

    Limits of this evidence

    Small completer sample; subjective improvement does not establish objective benefit or equivalence. Topical post-laser findings cannot validate injections.

    Source access: Primary PubMed and publisher abstracts inspected; full text and funding disclosures unavailable. A linked correction could not be retrieved.

    Read primary source ↗: Miller et al., 2006 · PMID 16847171Full evidence brief →: GHK-Cu

    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847171/

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

19. GHK-CuLaboratory / metabolismCopper–peptide complex

    Gruchlik et al., 2014 · PMID 25745767

    Material tested

    Reported equimolar GHK–Cu(II) preparation; copper-free GHK and CuCl₂ comparators.

    Model or population

    Commercial normal human dermal fibroblast cultures.

    Study design

    24-hour cell-culture comparison; IGF-2-stimulated total TGF-β1 measured by ELISA.

    Sample and comparison

    Key comparison: n=4 experiments, not patients; donor count unspecified.

    Reported finding

    GHK–Cu and CuCl₂ reduced stimulated secretion more than GHK alone; no change was detected in unstimulated secretion in the tested low-serum condition.

    Limits of this evidence

    Cell marker, not clinical scar or wound outcomes; no systemic efficacy/safety evidence.

    Source access: Primary full text inspected; Medical University of Silesia funding reported.

    Read primary source ↗: Gruchlik et al., 2014 · PMID 25745767Full evidence brief →: GHK-Cu

    https://www.ptfarm.pl/pub/File/Acta_Poloniae/2014/6/954.pdf

    Brief version 2026-10-05.1 · Snapshot updated October 5, 2026

A finding applies to the material, model and conditions studied. Independent review by a qualified subject specialist is pending.