Metabolic & GLP-1 peptides

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30–31-residue incretin hormone released by intestinal L-cells after a meal. It potentiates glucose-depe…

Semaglutide is a 31-amino-acid GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide (C187H291N45O59, ≈4,114 Da). It keeps 94% of the human GLP-1 sequence but subs…

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide (MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR; C101H152N28O22S2, ≈2,175 Da) encoded by a short open reading frame inside the mitochond…

Exendin-4 is a 39-residue peptide from Gila monster venom that activates the GLP-1 receptor and inspired the drug exenatide.

Tirzepatide is a 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide (C225H348N48O68, ≈4,814 Da) that activates both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Its backbone i…

Retatrutide (LY3437943) is an investigational 39-amino-acid peptide (C221H342N46O68, ≈4,731 Da) that activates three receptors — GIP, GLP-1 …

AOD-9604 is a synthetic 16-residue peptide based on the C-terminal region of human growth hormone (residues 177–191 with an added N-terminal…

Cagrilintide is an investigational 37-amino-acid analogue of the pancreatic hormone amylin (C194H312N54O59S2, ≈4,409 Da). Six substitutions …

Survodutide (BI 456906) is an investigational 29-amino-acid glucagon-based peptide (C192H289N47O61, ≈4,232 Da) that activates both the gluca…

Mazdutide (IBI362 / LY3305677) is a once-weekly oxyntomodulin-based peptide (C207H317N45O65, ≈4,476 Da) that activates the GLP-1 and glucago…

Adipotide (Prohibitin-TP01) is an experimental chimeric peptidomimetic that pairs a homing sequence targeting adipose-tissue blood vessels w…

Liraglutide is a once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide: human GLP-1(7-37) with one substitution (Lys34→Arg) and a C16 palmitic acid atta…

Dulaglutide (Trulicity) is a once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist built as a fusion protein: two DPP-4-resistant GLP-1 analogue chains linked …

Setmelanotide is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide that selectively activates the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), a signaling hub in the brain'…

Pramlintide is a synthetic analog of the pancreatic hormone amylin, designed with proline substitutions so it stays soluble rather than aggr…

Amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), is a 37-residue peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells. It is stud…

Glucagon is a 29-amino-acid peptide hormone from pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose, opposing insulin. It is the archetypal co…

Oxyntomodulin is a 37-amino-acid gut hormone released from intestinal L-cells after eating. Because it activates both the GLP-1 and glucagon…

GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) is a 42-amino-acid incretin hormone released from intestinal K-cells after meals, where i…

Secretin is a 27-amino-acid hormone released from duodenal S-cells in response to stomach acid entering the small intestine. Discovered by B…

Motilin is a 22-amino-acid gut hormone secreted by endocrine cells of the small intestine. It coordinates the migrating motor complex, the w…

Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino-acid gut hormone released from intestinal L-cells after eating, where it contributes to satiety and slows gas…

Obestatin is a 23-amino-acid peptide cleaved from the same preproghrelin precursor that produces ghrelin. It was originally proposed to oppo…

Nesfatin-1 is a peptide cleaved from the precursor protein nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2), produced in the hypothalamus and in peripheral tissues. I…

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone and neurotransmitter released from intestinal I-cells and also produced widely in the brain. It t…

Gastrin is a peptide hormone released by G-cells of the gastric antrum that stimulates acid secretion from the stomach's parietal cells. Cir…

Lixisenatide is a synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist built on the exendin-4 scaffold rather than on human GLP-1. Marketed as Lyxumia and Adlyx…

Albiglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist created by genetically fusing two modified GLP-1 sequences to human serum albumin, giving it a long …

Efpeglenatide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist built from an exendin-based peptide conjugated to an antibody Fc fragment for extended…

Teduglutide is a synthetic 33-amino-acid analog of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). A single alanine-to-glycine substitution extends its hal…

Linaclotide is a synthetic 14-amino-acid peptide that activates guanylate cyclase-C on the intestinal lining, raising cyclic GMP and driving…

Plecanatide (Trulance) is a synthetic 16-residue analogue of human uroguanylin (NDECELCVNVACTGCL, two disulfides) that activates guanylate c…

Apelin is an endogenous peptide hormone processed from a 77-amino-acid precursor into active fragments such as apelin-13 and apelin-36. It i…

Adropin is a secreted peptide encoded by the energy homeostasis-associated gene (ENHO) and first described in 2008. Its 76-residue sequence …

Spexin (neuropeptide Q) is a 14-amino-acid endogenous peptide discovered by bioinformatic analysis in 2007. It signals through galanin recep…

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33-amino-acid gut hormone produced from proglucagon in intestinal L cells and co-released with GLP-1. A…

Uroguanylin is a 16-amino-acid peptide secreted by enterochromaffin cells of the duodenum and encoded by GUCA2B. As an endogenous guanylate …

Cotadutide (MEDI0382) is a synthetic peptide engineered as a balanced dual agonist of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. It is an investigati…

Pemvidutide (ALT-801) is an investigational dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Altimmune and studied in clinical trials for o…

Efinopegdutide (MK-6024) is an investigational once-weekly GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonist peptide being developed by Merck for metabolic…

Beinaglutide is a recombinant human GLP-1(7-36) that shares 100% sequence identity with native human GLP-1. Approved in China for type 2 dia…

Amycretin (NN9487) is an investigational Novo Nordisk peptide that activates both the GLP-1 receptor and amylin receptors from a single chai…

Exenatide is the synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-residue peptide from Gila monster venom that activates the GLP-1 receptor. It was the fir…

Maridebart cafraglutide (MariTide, AMG 133) is an investigational antibody–peptide conjugate from Amgen: an antibody that antagonises the GI…

Petrelintide (ZP8396) is an investigational long-acting analogue of human amylin developed by Zealand Pharma as a dual amylin and calcitonin…

Eloralintide (LY3841136) is an investigational once-weekly amylin analogue from Eli Lilly that preferentially activates the amylin 1 recepto…

Ecnoglutide (XW003) is a long-acting, cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist from Sciwind Biosciences: a human GLP-1 analogue with an Ala8Val su…

Dapiglutide (ZP7570) is an investigational long-acting peptide from Zealand Pharma that activates both the GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptors, aiming…

Dasiglucagon (Zegalogue) is a 29-amino-acid glucagon analogue with seven amino-acid substitutions, including Aib at position 16, that make i…

Glepaglutide (ZP1848) is a 39-amino-acid long-acting analogue of glucagon-like peptide-2 with a C-terminal hexa-lysine extension, developed …

Apraglutide (FE 203799) is a synthetic 33-amino-acid analogue of glucagon-like peptide-2 with four substitutions (Ala2→Gly, Met10→Ahx, Asn11…

C-peptide is the 31-amino-acid connecting peptide released when proinsulin is cleaved into insulin, produced in equimolar amounts with insul…