Page data last changed: . Chemistry registry snapshot: . Registry refreshes and identity assessments are separate from scientific content review.
Aib at position 8 blocks DPP-4; a C18 fatty diacid on Lys26 binds albumin — together they turn a 2-minute hormone into a 7-day medicine.
Also known as: NN9535 · Ozempic / Wegovy / Rybelsus (brands)
Part of the Metabolic & GLP-1 peptides cluster
Semaglutide — evidence brief
Three randomized placebo-controlled trials address different questions: weight change, cardiovascular events and a kidney/cardiovascular composite. Interpret each result with its eligibility criteria, analysis population, follow-up and treatment limitations.
- Version
- 2026-10-05.1
- Snapshot updated
Prepared by Peptides Codex. Independent review by a qualified subject specialist is pending.
Scope of this brief
Selected STEP 1, SELECT and FLOW primary reports of subcutaneous trial semaglutide. These Novo Nordisk-funded trials used different protocols and populations; their results are not interchangeable. This is not an exhaustive or systematic review, a dosing guide or authentication of oral, compounded or vendor-labelled preparations.
Wilding et al., 2021 · STEP 1 · PMID 33567185
- Material tested
- Trial semaglutide solution for subcutaneous injection, a modified GLP-1 analogue; historical target arm 2.4 mg versus matching placebo. Both groups received lifestyle support.
- Model or population
- Adults without diabetes: BMI ≥30, or ≥27 with a weight-related condition.
- Study design
- Multicenter randomized, double-blind phase III trial; 2:1 allocation and 68-week weight endpoints.
- Sample and comparison
- 1,961 randomized and in the full analysis set: 1,306 semaglutide, 655 placebo. Week-68 weight observations: 1,212 and 577.
- Reported finding
- Coprimary endpoints: modelled weight change −14.9% versus −2.4%; adjusted difference −12.4 percentage points (95% CI −13.4 to −11.5). ≥5% loss was observed in 1,047/1,212 (86.4%) versus 182/577 (31.5%).
- Limits of this evidence
- The treatment-policy estimate includes discontinuation/rescue and imputed missing data; threshold percentages use observed participants. This row does not establish durability after stopping treatment. Gastrointestinal-event discontinuations: 4.5% versus 0.8%.
Source access: Primary abstract, indexed journal methods/results and registry results inspected; direct journal full text unavailable.
Primary source ↗: Wilding et al., 2021 · STEP 1 · PMID 33567185
Lincoff et al., 2023 · SELECT · PMID 37952131
- Material tested
- Trial semaglutide for subcutaneous injection, a modified GLP-1 analogue; historical target arm 2.4 mg versus placebo, added to standard care.
- Model or population
- Age ≥45, BMI ≥27 and established cardiovascular disease; no history of diabetes.
- Study design
- Multicenter randomized, double-blind, event-driven superiority trial; mean follow-up 39.8 months.
- Sample and comparison
- 17,604 randomized and analyzed as assigned: 8,803 semaglutide, 8,801 placebo.
- Reported finding
- Primary cardiovascular death/nonfatal heart attack/nonfatal stroke composite: 569/8,803 (6.5%) versus 701/8,801 (8.0%); hazard ratio 0.80 (95% CI 0.72–0.90). That is 20% lower hazard; the observed proportions differ by 1.5 percentage points.
- Limits of this evidence
- Secondary prevention, not a population without established cardiovascular disease. Adverse-event discontinuations: 16.6% versus 8.2%. Cardiovascular death alone missed the hierarchical significance threshold; the composite does not establish benefit for every component.
Source access: Primary abstract, indexed journal methods/results and registry results inspected; direct journal full text unavailable.
Primary source ↗: Lincoff et al., 2023 · SELECT · PMID 37952131
Perkovic et al., 2024 · FLOW · PMID 38785209
- Material tested
- Trial semaglutide for subcutaneous injection, a modified GLP-1 analogue; historical trial arm 1.0 mg versus placebo, with standard care.
- Model or population
- Adults with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease; eGFR 25–75 mL/min/1.73 m² with trial-specific albuminuria thresholds.
- Study design
- Randomized, double-blind phase III trial; median follow-up 3.4 years. Stopped early after a prespecified interim analysis.
- Sample and comparison
- 3,533 randomized and in the full analysis set: 1,767 semaglutide, 1,766 placebo.
- Reported finding
- Primary kidney failure/persistent ≥50% eGFR decline/kidney or cardiovascular death composite: 331/1,767 versus 410/1,766; hazard ratio 0.76 (95% CI 0.66–0.88), or 24% lower hazard. Observed proportions: 18.7% versus 23.2%, a 4.5-point difference.
- Limits of this evidence
- The composite includes cardiovascular death, not kidney failure alone. Selected diabetes/kidney-disease population; early stopping limits longer follow-up. The 4.5-point difference is an unadjusted events/randomized calculation, not a survival-adjusted estimate or personal risk prediction.
Source access: Primary abstract and trial-registry methods/results inspected; direct journal full text unavailable.
Primary source ↗: Perkovic et al., 2024 · FLOW · PMID 38785209
A finding applies to the material, model and conditions studied. It does not establish safety or effectiveness in other settings.
Overview
Semaglutide is a 31-amino-acid GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide (C187H291N45O59, ≈4,114 Da). It keeps 94% of the human GLP-1 sequence but substitutes Aib at position 8 to block DPP-4 cleavage, replaces Lys34 with Arg, and attaches a C18 fatty diacid to Lys26 through a γ-glutamate and two OEG spacers so the peptide binds albumin. The result is a half-life of about 7 days and once-weekly dosing in the approved products Ozempic and Wegovy (and once-daily oral dosing as Rybelsus).
Source & context
Biological / chemical source: Synthetic (modified)
Primary research or clinical context: Approved for type 2 diabetes & weight management (prescription)
Is semaglutide a peptide? Yes — here is exactly what kind
Semaglutide is a synthetic peptide of 31 amino acids modelled on human GLP-1(7-37). Ninety-four percent of its sequence is the native hormone; the remaining differences are one non-canonical residue (Aib), one conservative substitution (Lys→Arg) and one lipid side chain. It is not a small molecule, not a protein in the folded sense, and not a steroid — a distinction that matters because the questions people ask about it (half-life, sequence, molecular weight) all follow from peptide chemistry. Its molecular formula is C187H291N45O59 and its average molecular weight is about 4,114 Da, roughly 25% heavier than GLP-1 itself because of the side chain.
The amino acid sequence of semaglutide
Written in one-letter code with the modifications spelled out: H-[Aib]-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-V-S-S-Y-L-E-G-Q-A-A-K(C18 diacid-γGlu-2×OEG)-E-F-I-A-W-L-V-R-G-R-G. Compare that with GLP-1(7-37), HAEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVKGRG, and the three edits stand out: position 8 (Ala→Aib), position 26 (Lys acylated) and position 34 (Lys→Arg). The chip display above uses X for the Aib residue because it has no standard one-letter code. The discovery paper (Lau et al., J Med Chem 2015) is the primary source for these assignments.
| Position | Human GLP-1 | Semaglutide | Why |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | Ala | Aib (α-aminoisobutyric acid) | Blocks DPP-4 cleavage of His7-Ala8 |
| 26 | Lys | Lys + C18 diacid-γGlu-2×OEG | Albumin binding → renal protection, slow release |
| 34 | Lys | Arg | Single acylation site; manufacturing selectivity |
How the C18 fatty diacid produces a one-week half-life
Liraglutide showed that a fatty acid on Lys26 could tether GLP-1 to serum albumin. Semaglutide's designers pushed the idea further. A fatty diacid — octadecanedioic acid, with a carboxylate at both ends — binds albumin's fatty-acid pockets more tightly than a mono-acid, and lengthening the chain from C16 to C18 adds hydrophobic contact. The γ-glutamate plus two OEG units act as a flexible spacer so the lipid can reach albumin while the peptide's helix still reaches the receptor. Albumin binding exceeds 99%, which keeps the peptide out of the kidney's filter and away from proteases. Measured half-lives are about 145–165 hours in adults — close enough to 7 days that once-weekly dosing keeps trough concentrations effective.
Receptor pharmacology
Semaglutide is a full agonist at the GLP-1 receptor with an affinity of about 0.38 nM in the discovery assays — around three-fold weaker than liraglutide, a deliberate trade for stronger albumin binding. The receptor is a class B GPCR; the peptide's N-terminal residues (His, Aib, Glu, Gly) insert into the transmembrane core to trigger Gαs/cAMP signalling, while the C-terminal helix binds the extracellular domain. Semaglutide is a single-receptor agonist: it does not activate the GIP or glucagon receptors, which is the mechanistic line separating it from tirzepatide and retatrutide.
Oral semaglutide and the SNAC problem
Peptides are normally destroyed in the stomach, so an oral GLP-1 analog was thought impractical. Rybelsus solves this by co-formulating semaglutide with SNAC (sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl]amino)caprylate), an absorption enhancer that locally raises gastric pH and increases transcellular uptake across the stomach lining. Bioavailability is still only around 1%, which is why the tablet must be taken on an empty stomach with a small sip of water and a 30-minute wait, and why oral doses (up to 14 mg, and 25 or 50 mg in later trials) are far higher than the 2.4 mg weekly injection. Orforglipron, a nonpeptide small molecule FDA-approved as Foundayo in the US on April 1, 2026 for a defined weight-management indication, has a label permitting administration with or without food — see the orforglipron comparison guide.
Clinical evidence in brief
The SUSTAIN programme (type 2 diabetes) supported approval as Ozempic in 2017; SUSTAIN-6 showed a 26% relative reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events. The STEP programme supported the 2.4 mg weight-management dose approved as Wegovy in 2021: in STEP 1, 68 weeks of semaglutide 2.4 mg produced a mean weight change of −14.9% versus −2.4% with placebo, and 50.5% of participants lost at least 15% of body weight. The SELECT trial (2023) then showed a 20% relative reduction in cardiovascular events in people with obesity but without diabetes, which led to a cardiovascular indication in 2024. FLOW (2024) showed a 24% reduction in kidney-disease progression in type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease.
| Trial | Population | Duration | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| STEP 1 (2021) | Overweight/obesity, no diabetes | 68 weeks | −14.9% vs −2.4% placebo |
| STEP 8 (2022) | vs liraglutide 3.0 mg | 68 weeks | −15.8% vs −6.4% |
| SELECT (2023) | Obesity with cardiovascular disease | ≈ 40 months | 20% relative MACE reduction |
| SURMOUNT-5 (2025) | vs tirzepatide 15 mg | 72 weeks | −13.7% vs −20.2% (tirzepatide superior) |
Semaglutide vs tirzepatide vs retatrutide
Semaglutide activates one receptor; tirzepatide adds the GIP receptor; retatrutide adds both GIP and glucagon receptors. In the only head-to-head trial completed so far, SURMOUNT-5, tirzepatide produced greater weight loss than semaglutide (−20.2% vs −13.7% at 72 weeks). Retatrutide has not been compared head-to-head with either, but its phase 2 obesity trial reported −24.2% at 48 weeks at the highest dose. Semaglutide's counterweights are the deepest outcomes evidence in the class (cardiovascular, kidney, heart failure), an oral formulation, and the longest post-marketing safety record. The comparison guides linked below go through structure, half-life and trial design in detail.
Pharmaceutical vs “research-grade” semaglutide
Ozempic, Wegovy and Rybelsus are manufactured under pharmaceutical GMP with defined purity, sterility and stability. Since the 2022–2024 shortages, a large grey market of compounded and unlabelled “research” semaglutide has appeared; regulators in the US, Canada and Europe have all issued warnings about counterfeit pens and vials of unverified content. A certificate of analysis showing HPLC purity does not establish sterility, endotoxin levels, correct acylation, or the absence of related peptide impurities. This page is educational; it is not guidance on obtaining or using any product.
Sequence
One-letter sequence commonly cited for Semaglutide (educational; isoforms and modifications may differ):
HXEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVRGRG
X = Aib (α-aminoisobutyric acid, 2-aminoisobutyric acid) at position 8 in proglucagon numbering (position 2 of the 31-residue chain). X marks a non-canonical residue — see the structure block below. (Plotted as alanine on the wheel.)
Residues plotted ~100° apart around an α-helix — clustering of one color reveals an amphipathic face.
Structure & chemistry
Molecular identity & reference confidence
Source-supported reference
The sequence flag reflects A versus X notation at chain position 2. X denotes Aib, not alanine; the full modified sequence and C18 lipidation define the reference form. PubChem's 4,114 Da is rounded more coarsely than the curated 4,113.6 Da. This reference describes the parent molecule, not every salt or formulation.
- Molecular form
- Semaglutide, lipidated 31-residue parent peptide
- Species
- Not established by this molecular identity audit
- Termini (N / C)
- Not specified / Free acid
Average reference mass · Molecular identity assessment: 2026-10-05
Reference policy updated: 2026-10-05
- IUPHAR/BPS source snapshot · 2026-10-01
- PubChem molecular record · 2026-10-01
- FDA semaglutide chemistry review (2021) · 2026-10-05
H-[Aib]-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-V-S-S-Y-L-E-G-Q-A-A-K(C18 diacid-γGlu-2×OEG)-E-F-I-A-W-L-V-R-G-R-G
- Molecular formula
- C187H291N45O59
- Average reference mass
- ≈ 4,113.6
- Plasma half-life
- ≈ 7 days (≈ 145–165 h in clinical PK studies)
- Receptors
- GLP-1 receptor; affinity ≈ 0.38 nM (about 3-fold lower than liraglutide, offset by much higher albumin affinity)
- Backbone
- Human GLP-1(7-37), 31 residues; 29 of 31 positions identical to the native hormone
- Lipidation
- Octadecanedioic acid (C18 fatty diacid) → γ-glutamate → two 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (OEG) units → ε-amine of Lys26
- C-terminus
- Free acid (Gly37)
- Status
- Approved: Ozempic (2017, T2D), Rybelsus (2019, oral T2D), Wegovy (2021, weight); cardiovascular indication added 2024
| Position | Native | Analog | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ala8 → Aib (pos 2) | A | Aib | The extra methyl group prevents DPP-4 from recognising the N-terminal dipeptide — full metabolic stability at the cleavage site |
| Lys26 (pos 20) | K | K(C18 diacid-γGlu-2×OEG) | The diacid's terminal carboxylate binds albumin's fatty-acid sites; the γGlu + 2×OEG linker spaces it away from the receptor-binding helix |
| Lys34 → Arg34 (pos 28) | K | R | Leaves one lysine for site-specific acylation and slightly increases helicity |
- PubChem CID: 56843331
- IUPHAR ligand: 9724
- CAS RN: 910463-68-2
- UNII: 53AXN4NNHX
Chemistry values: curated profile, IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology · fetched 2026-10-01.
Clinical development snapshot
ClinicalTrials.gov lists 767 registered studies with “Semaglutide” as an intervention (snapshot 2026-10-01). A registry footprint is not evidence of efficacy or approval.
| NCT | Title | Phase | Status | Updated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT07249554 | Combination Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder | Phase 2 | not yet recruiting | 2026-10-01 |
| NCT05254314 | Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist in the Treatment of Adult, Obesity-related, Symptomatic Asthma (GATA- | Phase 2 | active not recruiting | 2026-10-01 |
| NCT07820358 | Semaglutide, Weight Loss, and LNG-IUD for Conservative Treatment of Endometrial Atypical Hyperplasia and Grade | Phase 2 | not yet recruiting | 2026-10-01 |
| NCT07112872 | A Study to Compare Different Doses of RO7795081 With Placebo or Semaglutide in People With Type 2 Diabetes | Phase 2 | active not recruiting | 2026-10-01 |
| NCT06184633 | DUTCH Weight Control in Atrial Fibrillation Study | Phase 4 | active not recruiting | 2026-10-01 |
| NCT07849348 | Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Initial Combination of Finerenone and Semaglutide in Non-Diabetic Adult Pa | Not applicable | not yet recruiting | 2026-09-30 |
The incretin & metabolic co-agonist class at a glance
| Peptide | Receptors | Length | Mass (Da) | Half-life | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 | GLP-1R | 30 aa | ≈ 3,297.6 | ≈ 1–2 min (DPP-4 cleavage + renal clearance) | Endogenous hormone — not a product |
| Liraglutide | GLP-1R | 31 aa | ≈ 3,751.2 | ≈ 13 h (once-daily dosing) | Approved: Victoza (2010, T2D), Saxenda (2014, weight) |
| Semaglutide (this page) | GLP-1R | 31 aa | ≈ 4,113.6 | ≈ 7 days (≈ 145–165 h in clinical PK studies) | Approved: Ozempic (2017, T2D), Rybelsus (2019, oral T2D), Wegovy (2021, weight) |
| Tirzepatide | GIPR + GLP-1R | 39 aa | ≈ 4,813.5 | ≈ 5 days (≈ 117 h) | Approved: Mounjaro (2022, T2D), Zepbound (2023, weight; 2024, obstructive sleep apnoea) |
| Retatrutide | GIPR + GLP-1R + GCGR | 39 aa | ≈ 4,731 | ≈ 6 days | Investigational (phase 3) |
| Cagrilintide | Amylin / calcitonin | 37 aa | ≈ 4,409 | ≈ 7–8 days (159–195 h across doses in the phase 1b study) | Investigational (phase 3, as CagriSema with semaglutide) |
| Survodutide | GCGR + GLP-1R | 29 aa | ≈ 4,232 | Supports once-weekly dosing (published population estimates are on the order of several days) | Investigational (phase 3: SYNCHRONIZE obesity programme; MASH programme) |
| Mazdutide | GCGR + GLP-1R | 34 aa | ≈ 4,476 | Supports once-weekly dosing (published estimates are on the order of several days) | Approved in China (NMPA): chronic weight management (27 June 2025) and type 2 diabetes (2025) |
| Amycretin | GLP-1R + amylin | — | — | Supports once-weekly subcutaneous dosing | Investigational (phase 2 results published 2025; later-phase trials under way) |
Verified from PubChem, IUPHAR and the primary discovery papers cited on each profile. Half-lives are approximate population means from published pharmacokinetics.
Semaglutide — reconstitution calculator
Enter how much peptide is in the vial and how much diluent (e.g. bacteriostatic water) is added. The tool returns the resulting solution concentration — and, for any amount you type, the volume it corresponds to. This is educational arithmetic, not a dosing recommendation.
Reference form: Semaglutide, lipidated 31-residue parent peptideAverage reference mass: 4,113.6 Da
Enter an amount to see the volume it corresponds to.
Educational concentration mathematics only. This tool does not recommend a dose, amount, or protocol, and nothing here is medical advice. Many peptides are not authorized by Health Canada for human use — see our reconstitution and bacteriostatic-water guides for context.
Change log
Dated observations from the data pipeline (registry flags, trial footprints, identifiers) and editorial reviews of this profile.
- Trials19 registered studies added on ClinicalTrials.gov (now 767).
- EditorialProfile content reviewed and updated by the editorial team.
FAQ about Semaglutide
What is Semaglutide?+
Semaglutide is a 31-amino-acid GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide (C187H291N45O59, ≈4,114 Da). It keeps 94% of the human GLP-1 sequence but substitutes Aib at position 8 to block DPP-4 cleavage, replaces Lys34 with Arg, and attaches a C18 fatty diacid to Lys26 through a γ-glutamate and two OEG spacers so the peptide binds albumin. The result is a half-life of about 7 days and once-weekly dosing in the approved products Ozempic and Wegovy (and once-daily oral dosing as Rybelsus).
What Canadian product status is recorded for Semaglutide?+
Canadian product status for Semaglutide has not been verified in this profile. No verified record here does not mean no authorization exists. Status depends on the product, formulation and use; consult Health Canada's product records.
What is the typical length of Semaglutide?+
Semaglutide is commonly described as approximately 31 amino acids (Incretin analog).
What is the amino acid sequence of semaglutide?+
H-Aib-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-V-S-S-Y-L-E-G-Q-A-A-K(acyl)-E-F-I-A-W-L-V-R-G-R-G — 31 residues. It is human GLP-1(7-37) with Aib at position 8, Arg at position 34, and a C18 fatty diacid-γGlu-2×OEG side chain on Lys26.
Is semaglutide a peptide?+
Yes. It is a 31-amino-acid synthetic peptide analog of GLP-1 with a lipid side chain. Formula C187H291N45O59, average mass about 4,114 Da.
What is the molecular weight and formula of semaglutide?+
C187H291N45O59, with an average molecular weight of approximately 4,113.6 g/mol (PubChem CID 56843331). Roughly 800 Da of that is the fatty diacid-γGlu-OEG side chain.
What is semaglutide's half-life?+
About 7 days — clinical pharmacokinetic studies report roughly 145–165 hours. Steady state is reached after 4–5 weeks of weekly dosing, and the drug takes 5–7 weeks to wash out after the last dose.
Why does semaglutide have Aib at position 8?+
Native GLP-1 has alanine there, and DPP-4 cleaves the His7-Ala8 bond within minutes. α-Aminoisobutyric acid has a second methyl group on the α-carbon that DPP-4 cannot accommodate, so the N-terminus stays intact.
Is semaglutide the same as Ozempic and Wegovy?+
Semaglutide is the active peptide; Ozempic (type 2 diabetes), Wegovy (weight management, cardiovascular risk) and Rybelsus (oral, type 2 diabetes) are the branded products that contain it at different doses and formulations.
Further reading
- ComparisonSemaglutide vs Tirzepatide: Structure, Receptors, Half-Life and the SURMOUNT-5 Head-to-HeadA mechanistic comparison of semaglutide (single GLP-1 agonist) and tirzepatide (dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist): sequences, side chains, half-lives, and what the only head-to-head trial, SURMOUNT-5, actually showed.
- ComparisonSemaglutide vs Liraglutide: A Mechanistic GLP-1 ComparisonAn educational comparison of semaglutide and liraglutide—two approved GLP-1 receptor agonists—covering structure, half-life, dosing cadence, and approval status. Not medical advice.
- Metabolic peptidesCagriSema Explained: Cagrilintide + Semaglutide, Mechanism and REDEFINE Trial ResultsCagriSema combines cagrilintide (a long-acting amylin analogue) with semaglutide (a GLP-1 agonist) in one weekly injection. This guide explains why two receptors beat one, what REDEFINE 1 showed (−20.4% at 68 weeks), how it compares with tirzepatide and retatrutide, and where approval stands.
- PharmacologyGLP-1 and Incretin Peptide Half-Lives Compared: From 2 Minutes to 8 DaysA sourced table of the plasma half-lives of native GLP-1, exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, tirzepatide, retatrutide, cagrilintide and the newer co-agonists — and the three engineering strategies (DPP-4 resistance, albumin binding, Fc fusion) that stretch minutes into a week.
Related peptides
References & further reading
- 1.Wilding et al. (2021). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med
- 2.Davies et al. (2021). Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet
- 3.Wadden et al. (2021). Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA
- 4.Rubino et al. (2021). Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA
- 5.Garvey et al. (2022). Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nat Med
- 6.Weghuber et al. (2022). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity. N Engl J Med
- 7.Kushner et al. (2020). Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the Treatment of Obesity: Key Elements of the STEP Trials 1 to 5. Obesity (Silver Spring)
- 8.Marso et al. (2016). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med
- 9.Sorli et al. (2017). Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
- 10.Pratley et al. (2018). Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
- 11.Husain et al. (2019). Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med
- 12.Aroda et al. (2019). PIONEER 1: Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide Monotherapy in Comparison With Placebo in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care
- 13.Rodbard et al. (2020). Efficacy of oral semaglutide: overview of the PIONEER clinical trial program and implications for managed care. Am J Manag Care
- 14.Lincoff et al. (2023). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med
- 15.Kosiborod et al. (2023). Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med
- 16.Perkovic et al. (2024). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med
- 17.Mann et al. (2024). Effects of semaglutide with and without concomitant SGLT2 inhibitor use in participants with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease in the FLOW trial. Nat Med
- 18.Knudsen et al. (2019). The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
- 19.Holst (2024). GLP-1 physiology in obesity and development of incretin-based drugs for chronic weight management. Nat Metab
- 20.PubChem — compound summary for Semaglutide (CID 56843331)
- 21.Wikipedia — Semaglutide