Page data last changed: . Chemistry registry snapshot: . Registry refreshes and identity assessments are separate from scientific content review.
The 'other incretin' — the GIP receptor is the second half of GIP/GLP-1 dual agonists.
Also known as: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide · gastric inhibitory polypeptide
Part of the Metabolic & GLP-1 peptides cluster
Overview
GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) is a 42-amino-acid incretin hormone released from intestinal K-cells after meals, where it helps stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Long overshadowed by GLP-1, its receptor is now a deliberate target in dual-agonist peptides such as tirzepatide.
Source & context
Biological / chemical source: Intestinal K-cells
Primary research or clinical context: Endogenous hormone; one of the two receptors targeted by dual agonists like tirzepatide
Incretin biology
GIP and GLP-1 are the two classical incretins: gut hormones that amplify insulin release specifically when glucose is present. GIP is secreted by K-cells in the upper small intestine, while GLP-1 comes from L-cells further down. Together they explain why oral glucose triggers more insulin than the same glucose given intravenously.
From overlooked to central
For years GIP received far less attention than GLP-1. The success of GIP/GLP-1 dual agonists renewed interest in its receptor pharmacology, and GIP biology is now a core topic in metabolic peptide education. This page describes that physiology; it does not offer treatment guidance.
Sequence
One-letter sequence commonly cited for GIP (educational; isoforms and modifications may differ):
YAEGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ
Residues plotted ~100° apart around an α-helix — clustering of one color reveals an amphipathic face.
Structure & chemistry
Molecular identity & reference confidence
Reference mass unavailable
Reference values are taken from the cited molecular record or curated profile. A database match is not independent laboratory verification; modifications, counter-ions, and formulations can change the measured mass.
- Molecular form
- GIP (source record; form not independently established)
- Species
- Not established by this molecular identity audit
- Termini (N / C)
- Not specified / Not specified
Average reference mass
Reference policy updated: 2026-10-05
- IUPHAR/BPS source snapshot · 2026-09-06
- IUPHAR ligand: 3542
- CAS RN: 100040-31-1
Chemistry values: IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology · fetched 2026-09-06.
Clinical development snapshot
ClinicalTrials.gov lists 255 registered studies with “GIP” as an intervention (snapshot 2026-10-01). A registry footprint is not evidence of efficacy or approval.
| NCT | Title | Phase | Status | Updated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT07793929 | A Study to Evaluate the Impact of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Ribupatide | Phase 1 | recruiting | 2026-10-01 |
| NCT07734792 | Tirzepatide in Thrombectomy-Treated Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Trial | Phase 3 | not yet recruiting | 2026-10-01 |
| NCT06790225 | Glucose-dependent INsulinotropic Polypeptide: Effect on Bone Remodelling and Cell Activity (GINEBRA) | Not applicable | completed | 2026-10-01 |
| NCT07846865 | Tirzepatide Versus Positive Airway Pressure for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: A Randomised Compar | Phase 3 | not yet recruiting | 2026-09-29 |
| NCT06923839 | Testing the Potential Metabolic Effect of the Human Gut Bacterial Peptide, RUCILP, in Healthy Men | Phase 1 | completed | 2026-09-29 |
| NCT07685808 | Study of Olatorepatide in Adult Participants Living With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes | Phase 2 | recruiting | 2026-09-29 |
Change log
Dated observations from the data pipeline (registry flags, trial footprints, identifiers) and editorial reviews of this profile.
- Trials8 registered studies added on ClinicalTrials.gov (now 255).
FAQ about GIP
What is GIP?+
GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) is a 42-amino-acid incretin hormone released from intestinal K-cells after meals, where it helps stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Long overshadowed by GLP-1, its receptor is now a deliberate target in dual-agonist peptides such as tirzepatide.
What Canadian product status is recorded for GIP?+
Canadian product status for GIP has not been verified in this profile. No verified record here does not mean no authorization exists. Status depends on the product, formulation and use; consult Health Canada's product records.
What is the typical length of GIP?+
GIP is commonly described as approximately 42 amino acids (Incretin).
Related peptides
References & further reading
- 1.Müller et al. (2025). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Mol Metab
- 2.Zhang et al. (2021). The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulates body weight and food intake via CNS-GIPR signaling. Cell Metab
- 3.Fisman et al. (2021). The dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide: a novel cardiometabolic therapeutic prospect. Cardiovasc Diabetol
- 4.Müller et al. (2026). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Trends Endocrinol Metab
- 5.Heimbürger et al. (2020). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and cardiovascular disease. Peptides
- 6.McIntosh et al. (2009). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; GIP). Vitam Horm
- 7.Emanuelsson et al. (2026). Genetic variants of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) signalling as proxy for body weight reduction and cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J
- 8.Gasbjerg et al. (2018). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor antagonists as anti-diabetic agents. Peptides
- 9.UniProt — GIP, Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, human (P09681)
- 10.Wikipedia — Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)