Page data last changed: . Registry refreshes and identity assessments are separate from scientific content review.
A 39-residue GIP-based peptide with an exendin-4 tail, two Aib residues and a C20 fatty diacid — the first approved dual incretin agonist.
Also known as: LY3298176 · dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist · twincretin · Mounjaro / Zepbound (brands)
Part of the Metabolic & GLP-1 peptides cluster
Tirzepatide — evidence brief
SURPASS-2 measured glycemic change in type 2 diabetes; SURMOUNT-1 measured weight change without diabetes. SURMOUNT-4 tested continuation versus withdrawal after a tolerated lead-in. Different populations, comparators and time origins prevent a ranking across these trials.
- Version
- 2026-10-05.1
- Snapshot updated
Prepared by Peptides Codex. Independent review by a qualified subject specialist is pending.
Scope of this brief
Three selected primary trial reports of study-supplied subcutaneous tirzepatide (LY3298176), sponsored by Eli Lilly. Arm doses describe historical study conditions, not instructions. These findings do not authenticate research powders or other formulations. This is not an exhaustive review; qualified scientific review remains pending.
Frías et al., 2021 · SURPASS-2 · PMID 34170647
- Material tested
- Study-supplied subcutaneous tirzepatide (LY3298176), target arms 5/10/15 mg; subcutaneous semaglutide 1 mg comparator.
- Model or population
- Adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin.
- Study design
- Phase 3, 40 weeks; randomized 1:1:1:1, open-label between products; tirzepatide dose groups double-blinded.
- Sample and comparison
- 1,879 randomized: 471/469/470 versus 469. Modified intention-to-treat analysis: 1,878 who received study drug (470/469/470 versus 469); missing values estimated.
- Reported finding
- Primary HbA1c change at week 40, treatment-regimen estimate: −2.01/−2.24/−2.30 percentage points for 5/10/15 mg versus −1.86 with semaglutide 1 mg. Each comparison favored tirzepatide (p=0.02/<0.001/<0.001).
- Limits of this evidence
- Open-label, 40-week glycemic comparison in diabetes; no comparison with semaglutide 2.4 mg for obesity. Gastrointestinal adverse events were common; this 40-week trial does not establish long-term safety.
Source access: Primary journal abstract, Methods and Results retrieved in indexed search; direct full-text access blocked. Registry participant flow cross-checked.
Primary source ↗: Frías et al., 2021 · SURPASS-2 · PMID 34170647
Jastreboff et al., 2022 · SURMOUNT-1 · PMID 35658024
- Material tested
- Study-supplied subcutaneous tirzepatide (LY3298176), target arms 5/10/15 mg versus matching placebo; lifestyle support in all groups.
- Model or population
- Adults without diabetes: BMI ≥30, or ≥27 with a weight-related complication.
- Study design
- Phase 3, randomized 1:1:1:1, double-blind, placebo-controlled; initial 72-week report.
- Sample and comparison
- 2,539 randomized and included in intention-to-treat analysis: 630/636/630 versus 643 placebo. Estimates include missing-data handling, not only participants completing treatment.
- Reported finding
- Coprimary outcomes at week 72, treatment-regimen estimates: mean weight change −15.0/−19.5/−20.9% for 5/10/15 mg versus −3.1% placebo; ≥5% weight loss in 85/89/91% versus 35%. All comparisons p<0.001.
- Limits of this evidence
- Initial 72-week placebo comparison without diabetes, excluding later follow-up; no active-drug ranking. Mean benefit must be considered alongside gastrointestinal adverse events and treatment discontinuations.
Source access: Primary abstract and indexed journal Methods/Results inspected; direct journal full-text access blocked. Official registry design and counts corroborated.
Primary source ↗: Jastreboff et al., 2022 · SURMOUNT-1 · PMID 35658024
Aronne et al., 2024 · SURMOUNT-4 · PMID 38078870
- Material tested
- Study-supplied subcutaneous tirzepatide (LY3298176), tolerated target 10 or 15 mg; continuation versus matching placebo after lead-in, with lifestyle support.
- Model or population
- Adults without diabetes: BMI ≥30, or ≥27 with a weight-related complication; randomization restricted to lead-in completers tolerating treatment.
- Study design
- Phase 3 withdrawal trial: 36-week open-label lead-in, then 52 weeks randomized 1:1, double-blind continuation versus placebo.
- Sample and comparison
- 783 entered lead-in; 782 received drug. 670 eligible tolerators randomized/analyzed, 335/group; 600 completed. The primary estimate includes all randomized participants with missing-data handling.
- Reported finding
- Primary estimated weight change from week 36 to 88: −5.5% continuing tirzepatide versus +14.0% after switching to placebo; difference −19.4 percentage points (95% CI −21.2 to −17.7; p<0.001).
- Limits of this evidence
- Withdrawal comparison in selected tolerators, not initial efficacy or tolerability among all 783 entrants. Lifetime benefit and safety are not established.
Source access: Primary JAMA full text inspected, including Methods, Results and limitations; official registry participant flow cross-checked.
Primary source ↗: Aronne et al., 2024 · SURMOUNT-4 · PMID 38078870
A finding applies to the material, model and conditions studied. It does not establish safety or effectiveness in other settings.
Overview
Tirzepatide is a 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide (C225H348N48O68, ≈4,814 Da) that activates both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Its backbone is derived from GIP, with an exendin-4-like C-terminal tail, Aib residues at positions 2 and 13, and a C20 fatty diacid on Lys20 that binds albumin for a half-life of about 5 days. Approved as Mounjaro (type 2 diabetes, 2022) and Zepbound (weight management, 2023; obstructive sleep apnoea, 2024).
Source & context
Biological / chemical source: Synthetic engineered peptide
Primary research or clinical context: Approved prescription medicine in many markets for T2D/weight management
Is tirzepatide a peptide? Yes — a 39-amino-acid one
Tirzepatide is a synthetic peptide of 39 amino acids with a molecular formula of C225H348N48O68 and an average molecular weight of about 4,814 Da. It is often described as a “GLP-1 drug”, which is only half right: its sequence is built on glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), the other incretin hormone, and it was engineered to activate the GLP-1 receptor as well. That is why Eli Lilly's discovery team called it a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist and why the informal name “twincretin” stuck. It is not a small molecule, and it is not a protein in the folded sense.
Sequence and modifications
In one-letter code with the non-canonical residues spelled out: Y-[Aib]-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-Y-S-I-[Aib]-L-D-K-I-A-Q-K(C20 diacid-γGlu-2×OEG)-A-F-V-Q-W-L-I-A-G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-P-S-NH2. The first 29 or so residues are a modified GIP sequence — that is where the N-terminal tyrosine comes from (GIP starts with Tyr; GLP-1 starts with His). The last ten residues, G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-P-S, are borrowed from exendin-4, the Gila monster peptide; this tail improves GLP-1 receptor binding and is shared with retatrutide. Two Aib residues, at positions 2 and 13, respectively protect against DPP-4 and stabilise the helix. The fatty diacid sits on lysine 20. The chip display above shows X at the two Aib positions.
| Feature | Detail | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| N-terminal core | GIP-derived, Tyr1… | GIP receptor activation |
| Aib2 | Replaces Ala2 | DPP-4 resistance |
| Aib13 | Replaces Ala13 | Helix stabilisation, potency |
| Lys20 acylation | C20 diacid-γGlu-2×OEG | Albumin binding → ≈ 5-day half-life |
| C-terminal tail | GGPSSGAPPPS-NH2 (exendin-4) | GLP-1 receptor engagement, stability |
Why it is called a dual agonist — and why the balance is deliberate
Tirzepatide binds the GIP receptor about as well as native GIP does, but binds the GLP-1 receptor several-fold more weakly than native GLP-1 and, at that receptor, favours cAMP signalling over β-arrestin recruitment. This imbalance was chosen, not accidental: the weaker, biased GLP-1 receptor activity appears to reduce receptor internalisation and desensitisation, while GIP receptor activity in adipose tissue and the brain adds to weight loss and may blunt nausea. The pharmacology was worked out in Coskun et al. (Mol Metab 2018) and Willard et al. (JCI Insight 2020); cryo-EM structures of tirzepatide bound to both receptors followed in 2022.
Half-life and once-weekly pharmacokinetics
The C20 fatty diacid — two carbons longer than semaglutide's C18 — binds albumin tightly, and the resulting plasma half-life is about 5 days (approximately 117 hours in phase 1 studies). Peak concentration after subcutaneous injection occurs at 8–72 hours, steady state is reached after about four weekly doses, and the drug washes out roughly 4 weeks after stopping. Compared with semaglutide (about 7 days) the half-life is slightly shorter, which is why tirzepatide can be dosed weekly at up to 15 mg while trough levels stay effective.
Clinical evidence: SURPASS, SURMOUNT-1 and SURMOUNT-5
The SURPASS programme in type 2 diabetes supported approval as Mounjaro in 2022; SURPASS-2 showed greater HbA1c and weight reduction than semaglutide 1 mg. SURMOUNT-1 (NEJM 2022) tested 5, 10 and 15 mg weekly in 2,539 adults with obesity: at 72 weeks the mean weight change was −15.0%, −19.5% and −20.9% respectively, versus −3.1% with placebo, and 57% of the 15 mg group lost at least 20% of body weight. SURMOUNT-5 (NEJM 2025) was the first head-to-head trial against semaglutide 2.4 mg: −20.2% with tirzepatide versus −13.7% with semaglutide at 72 weeks. SURMOUNT-OSA (2024) supported the obstructive sleep apnoea indication, and SUMMIT (2025) reported benefit in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
| Trial | Comparison | Duration | Weight change |
|---|---|---|---|
| SURMOUNT-1 (2022) | 5 / 10 / 15 mg vs placebo | 72 weeks | −15.0% / −19.5% / −20.9% vs −3.1% |
| SURMOUNT-5 (2025) | Tirzepatide vs semaglutide 2.4 mg | 72 weeks | −20.2% vs −13.7% |
| SURPASS-2 (2021) | vs semaglutide 1 mg (T2D) | 40 weeks | Greater HbA1c and weight reduction at all doses |
Tirzepatide vs semaglutide vs retatrutide
Semaglutide is a single-receptor GLP-1 agonist with a 7-day half-life and the deepest cardiovascular-outcomes evidence. Tirzepatide adds GIP receptor agonism and, in the one direct comparison, produced about 6.5 percentage points more weight loss. Retatrutide — the same 39-residue GIP-based scaffold with a glucagon receptor component added — reported −24.2% at 48 weeks in phase 2, but remains investigational with no head-to-head data against tirzepatide. Structurally, tirzepatide and retatrutide are siblings: both are 39 residues, both carry an exendin-4 tail, both use a C20 diacid; retatrutide differs in a handful of substitutions and moves the acylation site from lysine 20 to lysine 17. The two comparison guides linked below go through this in detail.
Approved products vs “research” tirzepatide
Mounjaro and Zepbound are the approved forms, manufactured by Eli Lilly under pharmaceutical GMP. During the 2022–2024 US shortage, compounded tirzepatide was widely dispensed; the FDA removed tirzepatide from its shortage list in December 2024, ending most of the compounding exemption, and Lilly has pursued legal action against sellers of unapproved versions. Vials labelled tirzepatide sold as “research chemicals” are not covered by any approval, are frequently mis-dosed or mislabelled in independent testing, and are illegal to market for human use in the US, Canada and the EU. This page is an educational profile, not guidance on obtaining or using any product.
Sequence of the selected reference form
Sequence backbone for the reference form: Tirzepatide FDA-defined lipidated parent. Termini, stereochemistry and modifications are described below.
YXEGTFTSDYSIXLDKIAQKAFVQWLIAGGPSSGAPPPS
X2 and X13 are Aib; Lys20 is N6-acylated through a gamma-L-Glu/two8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic-acid linker to1,20-eicosanedioic acid. The backbone code omits that side chain and Ser39 amidation.. X marks a noncanonical residue; see the expanded sequence and reference chemistry below.
Analyze sequences in the playground →Structure & chemistry
Molecular identity & reference confidence
Source-supported reference
The FDA-defined39-residue parent has Aib2/Aib13, Lys20 lipidation and Ser39 amidation; the current label states4813.53 Da. The two PubChem candidates have different connectivity keys. This review resolves the regulator-defined reference but does not assert either disputed atomic graph.
- Molecular form
- Tirzepatide FDA-defined lipidated parent
- Species
- Synthetic GIP-based peptide analogue; no natural source species applies
- Termini (N / C)
- Free L-tyrosyl amino terminus / L-serinamide (Ser39-NH2)
Average reference mass · Molecular identity assessment: 2026-10-05
Reference policy updated: 2026-10-05
- NIH GSRS independently selected parent record · 2026-10-05
- Official product label chemical description, selected parent distinguished from formulation · 2026-10-05
- FDA pharmacology review, chemical name and linker definition (NDA217806) · 2026-10-05
- PubChem disputed atomic graphs: same formula but different connectivity keys · 2026-10-05
H-Tyr-Aib-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ile-Aib-Leu-Asp-Lys-Ile-Ala-Gln-Lys[N6: 1,20-eicosanedioic acid via gamma-L-Glu and two8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acids]-Ala-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2
- Molecular formula
- C225H348N48O68
- Average reference mass
- ≈ 4,813.5
- Plasma half-life
- ≈ 5 days (≈ 117 h)
- Receptors
- GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor. Imbalanced by design: GIPR affinity comparable to native GIP; GLP-1R affinity several-fold weaker than native GLP-1, with signalling biased toward cAMP over β-arrestin recruitment
- Backbone
- Tirzepatide FDA-defined lipidated parent
- C-terminus
- L-serinamide (Ser39-NH2)
- Status
- Approved: Mounjaro (2022, T2D), Zepbound (2023, weight; 2024, obstructive sleep apnoea)
- UNII: OYN3CCI6QE
Chemistry values: curated profile.
Clinical development snapshot
ClinicalTrials.gov lists 295 registered studies with “Tirzepatide” as an intervention (snapshot 2026-10-01). A registry footprint is not evidence of efficacy or approval.
| NCT | Title | Phase | Status | Updated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT07734792 | Tirzepatide in Thrombectomy-Treated Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Trial | Phase 3 | not yet recruiting | 2026-10-01 |
| NCT06854614 | Sequential Therapy Anti-obesitY Medication With Muscle Preservation for Weight Loss and MaintEnance: A PragmAt | Phase 4 | active not recruiting | 2026-09-30 |
| NCT06603571 | A Study to Investigate Weight Management With LY3841136 and Tirzepatide (LY3298176), Alone or in Combination, | Phase 2 | completed | 2026-09-29 |
| NCT07845500 | A Study to Learn About Switching to a Monthly Study Medicine Called Berobenatide (PF-08653944) to Help Keep We | Phase 3 | not yet recruiting | 2026-09-29 |
| NCT07846865 | Tirzepatide Versus Positive Airway Pressure for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: A Randomised Compar | Phase 3 | not yet recruiting | 2026-09-29 |
| NCT07527910 | A Phase 2a Study of ALN-PNP With and Without a GLP1R Agonist in Adult Patients With Homozygous PNPLA3-Related | Phase 2 | recruiting | 2026-09-29 |
The incretin & metabolic co-agonist class at a glance
| Peptide | Receptors | Length | Mass (Da) | Half-life | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 | GLP-1R | 30 aa | ≈ 3,297.6 | ≈ 1–2 min (DPP-4 cleavage + renal clearance) | Endogenous hormone — not a product |
| Liraglutide | GLP-1R | 31 aa | ≈ 3,751.2 | ≈ 13 h (once-daily dosing) | Approved: Victoza (2010, T2D), Saxenda (2014, weight) |
| Semaglutide | GLP-1R | 31 aa | ≈ 4,113.6 | ≈ 7 days (≈ 145–165 h in clinical PK studies) | Approved: Ozempic (2017, T2D), Rybelsus (2019, oral T2D), Wegovy (2021, weight) |
| Tirzepatide (this page) | GIPR + GLP-1R | 39 aa | ≈ 4,813.5 | ≈ 5 days (≈ 117 h) | Approved: Mounjaro (2022, T2D), Zepbound (2023, weight; 2024, obstructive sleep apnoea) |
| Retatrutide | GIPR + GLP-1R + GCGR | 39 aa | ≈ 4,731 | ≈ 6 days | Investigational (phase 3) |
| Cagrilintide | Amylin / calcitonin | 37 aa | ≈ 4,409 | ≈ 7–8 days (159–195 h across doses in the phase 1b study) | Investigational (phase 3, as CagriSema with semaglutide) |
| Survodutide | GCGR + GLP-1R | 29 aa | ≈ 4,232 | Supports once-weekly dosing (published population estimates are on the order of several days) | Investigational (phase 3: SYNCHRONIZE obesity programme; MASH programme) |
| Mazdutide | GCGR + GLP-1R | 34 aa | ≈ 4,476 | Supports once-weekly dosing (published estimates are on the order of several days) | Approved in China (NMPA): chronic weight management (27 June 2025) and type 2 diabetes (2025) |
| Amycretin | GLP-1R + amylin | — | — | Supports once-weekly subcutaneous dosing | Investigational (phase 2 results published 2025; later-phase trials under way) |
Verified from PubChem, IUPHAR and the primary discovery papers cited on each profile. Half-lives are approximate population means from published pharmacokinetics.
Tirzepatide — reconstitution calculator
Enter how much peptide is in the vial and how much diluent (e.g. bacteriostatic water) is added. The tool returns the resulting solution concentration — and, for any amount you type, the volume it corresponds to. This is educational arithmetic, not a dosing recommendation.
Reference form: Tirzepatide FDA-defined lipidated parentAverage reference mass: 4,813.53 Da
Enter an amount to see the volume it corresponds to.
Educational concentration mathematics only. This tool does not recommend a dose, amount, or protocol, and nothing here is medical advice. Many peptides are not authorized by Health Canada for human use — see our reconstitution and bacteriostatic-water guides for context.
Change log
Dated observations from the data pipeline (registry flags, trial footprints, identifiers) and editorial reviews of this profile.
- Trials16 registered studies added on ClinicalTrials.gov (now 295).
- EditorialProfile content reviewed and updated by the editorial team.
FAQ about Tirzepatide
What is Tirzepatide?+
Tirzepatide is a 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide (C225H348N48O68, ≈4,814 Da) that activates both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Its backbone is derived from GIP, with an exendin-4-like C-terminal tail, Aib residues at positions 2 and 13, and a C20 fatty diacid on Lys20 that binds albumin for a half-life of about 5 days. Approved as Mounjaro (type 2 diabetes, 2022) and Zepbound (weight management, 2023; obstructive sleep apnoea, 2024).
What Canadian product status is recorded for Tirzepatide?+
Canadian product status for Tirzepatide has not been verified in this profile. No verified record here does not mean no authorization exists. Status depends on the product, formulation and use; consult Health Canada's product records.
What is the length of the selected reference form for Tirzepatide?+
The selected reference form (Tirzepatide FDA-defined lipidated parent) has 39 residues or residue-derived units in its backbone. Other forms in this family may have a different length.
Is tirzepatide a peptide?+
Yes. Tirzepatide is a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide with a C20 fatty diacid side chain — formula C225H348N48O68, average mass about 4,814 Da. It is not a small molecule or a steroid.
What is the amino acid sequence of tirzepatide?+
Y-Aib-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-Y-S-I-Aib-L-D-K-I-A-Q-K(acyl)-A-F-V-Q-W-L-I-A-G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-P-S-NH2. The core is GIP-derived, the tail (GGPSSGAPPPS) is from exendin-4, and Lys20 carries the C20 diacid-γGlu-2×OEG side chain.
What is tirzepatide's molecular weight and formula?+
C225H348N48O68, average molecular weight approximately 4,813.5 g/mol. The lipid side chain accounts for roughly 850 Da of that.
What is tirzepatide's half-life?+
About 5 days (≈ 117 hours), supporting once-weekly injection. Steady state is reached after about 4 weekly doses; washout takes roughly 4 weeks.
Is tirzepatide a GLP-1?+
Partly. It activates the GLP-1 receptor, but its sequence is based on GIP, and it activates the GIP receptor at least as strongly. The accurate description is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist.
What is the difference between Mounjaro and Zepbound?+
Both are tirzepatide from Eli Lilly at the same doses (2.5–15 mg weekly). Mounjaro is approved for type 2 diabetes; Zepbound is approved for chronic weight management and obstructive sleep apnoea.
How does tirzepatide differ from retatrutide?+
Retatrutide is a closely related 39-residue GIP-based peptide that also activates the glucagon receptor, making it a triple agonist. It is still investigational; tirzepatide has been approved since 2022.
Further reading
- ComparisonSemaglutide vs Tirzepatide: Structure, Receptors, Half-Life and the SURMOUNT-5 Head-to-HeadA mechanistic comparison of semaglutide (single GLP-1 agonist) and tirzepatide (dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist): sequences, side chains, half-lives, and what the only head-to-head trial, SURMOUNT-5, actually showed.
- ComparisonRetatrutide vs Tirzepatide: Triple vs Dual Agonist — Structure, Half-Life, Trial DataRetatrutide and tirzepatide are 39-residue siblings built on the same GIP scaffold. This guide compares their sequences, receptor profiles, half-lives, phase 2/3 weight-loss data and approval status — with the caveat that no head-to-head trial exists.
- PharmacologyGLP-1 and Incretin Peptide Half-Lives Compared: From 2 Minutes to 8 DaysA sourced table of the plasma half-lives of native GLP-1, exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, tirzepatide, retatrutide, cagrilintide and the newer co-agonists — and the three engineering strategies (DPP-4 resistance, albumin binding, Fc fusion) that stretch minutes into a week.
- FoundationsGLP-1 vs GIP vs Glucagon: Incretin Receptor Classes ExplainedAn educational overview of the incretin and metabolic receptor classes—GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon—and how single, dual, and triple receptor agonism differ mechanistically.
Related peptides
References & further reading
- 1.Rosenstock et al. (2021). Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet
- 2.Frías et al. (2021). Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med
- 3.Ludvik et al. (2021). Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial. Lancet
- 4.Del Prato et al. (2021). Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet
- 5.Dahl et al. (2022). Effect of Subcutaneous Tirzepatide vs Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS-5 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA
- 6.Rosenstock et al. (2023). Tirzepatide vs Insulin Lispro Added to Basal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS-6 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA
- 7.Jastreboff et al. (2022). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med
- 8.Garvey et al. (2023). Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet
- 9.Wadden et al. (2023). Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nat Med
- 10.Aronne et al. (2024). Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA
- 11.Malhotra et al. (2024). Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med
- 12.Packer et al. (2025). Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med
- 13.Sattar et al. (2022). Tirzepatide cardiovascular event risk assessment: a pre-specified meta-analysis. Nat Med
- 14.Zoungas et al. (2026). A comparison of the effects of tirzepatide and dulaglutide on major kidney events in people with type 2 diabetes: pre-specified exploratory analyses of the SURPASS-CVOT trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
- 15.Frias et al. (2018). Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet
- 16.Coskun et al. (2018). LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab
- 17.Willard et al. (2020). Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight
- 18.Sun et al. (2022). Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
- 19.Nauck et al. (2022). Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regrading glycaemic control and body weight reduction. Cardiovasc Diabetol
- 20.Bucheit et al. (2022). A Novel Dual Incretin Agent, Tirzepatide (LY3298176), for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Health. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol
- 21.PubChem — compound summary for Tirzepatide (CID 156588324)
- 22.Wikipedia — Tirzepatide