Neuropeptides & signaling

Oxytocin is a nine-amino-acid neuropeptide and hormone involved in labor, lactation, and social behavior. It is a classic model of cyclic pe…

Bremelanotide, developed as PT-141, is a cyclic seven-residue analogue of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone that activates melanocortin recep…

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro (C33H57N11O9, ≈752 Da), built from the immune tetrapeptide tuftsin with a st…

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) built from residues 4–7 of adrenocorticotropic hormone plus a C-terminal Pro…

Substance P is an 11-amino-acid neuropeptide of the tachykinin family involved in pain signaling and neurogenic inflammation research.

Met-enkephalin (YGGFM) is an endogenous opioid pentapeptide foundational to pain and reward neurobiology research.

Kisspeptin-10 is a decapeptide fragment that activates the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), a central node in reproductive hormone regulation r…

DSIP (delta sleep-inducing peptide, INN emideltide) is a nonapeptide, Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu, isolated from rabbit cerebral ven…

Humanin is a mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the MT-RNR2 (16S rRNA) gene and was the first such peptide discovered. It is studi…

Dihexa (PNB-0408; C27H44N4O5, ≈505 Da) is a small, orally available, blood-brain-barrier-permeable peptidomimetic derived from angiotensin I…

Cerebrolysin is not a single peptide: it is a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and amino acids derived from porcine brain, given as …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system. Research examines its roles in appetite, stre…

Galanin is a neuropeptide (30 residues in humans) that modulates neurotransmission across many brain regions. Research explores its involvem…

Neurotensin is a 13-amino-acid neuropeptide found in the brain and gut. Research examines its interactions with dopamine signaling and its r…

Bombesin is a 14-amino-acid peptide first isolated from amphibian skin that gave its name to a family of mammalian receptors. It is widely u…

Orexin-A (hypocretin-1) is a 33-amino-acid hypothalamic neuropeptide central to the regulation of wakefulness and arousal. Loss of orexin si…

CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) is a 37-amino-acid neuropeptide produced by alternative splicing of the calcitonin gene. It is a pote…

Beta-endorphin is a 31-amino-acid endogenous opioid peptide cleaved from the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor. It is a foundational mole…

Dynorphin is a family of endogenous opioid peptides (dynorphin A is 17 residues) derived from prodynorphin. It preferentially activates kapp…

Nociceptin (orphanin FQ) is a 17-amino-acid neuropeptide that binds the NOP receptor, a member of the opioid receptor family. It is studied …

Alpha-MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) is a 13-amino-acid melanocortin peptide processed from POMC. Research examines its roles in…

P21 (P021) is a synthetic peptide designed as a mimetic of an active region of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). It has been studied in an…

PE-22-28 is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from spadin, developed as a shortened analog that inhibits the TREK-1 potassium channel. It has…

Cortexin is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide complex extracted from cerebral cortex tissue, studied largely in Russian neuroscience litera…

Pinealon is the synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR), one of the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulators. Its evidence is rodent, cell-cultu…

Urocortin is a 40-amino-acid neuropeptide of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family. Binding both CRHR1 and CRHR2 receptors, it par…

Phoenixin (PNX) is a highly conserved neuropeptide first described in 2013 and processed from the SMIM20 prohormone into 14- and 20-residue …

Endomorphin-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2) is an endogenous opioid tetrapeptide and one of the most selective natural agonists of the mu-opioid rec…

Endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2) is an endogenous opioid tetrapeptide and a highly selective mu-opioid receptor agonist. It differs from …

Dermorphin is a naturally occurring opioid heptapeptide from the skin of Phyllomedusa frogs and a highly potent, selective mu-opioid recepto…

Deltorphin (deltorphin A / dermenkephalin) is a naturally occurring opioid heptapeptide from Phyllomedusa frog skin and a potent, highly sel…

Thymogen is a synthetic dipeptide, L-glutamyl-L-tryptophan (Glu-Trp), from the Khavinson family of short-peptide bioregulators. Identified a…

Cortagen is the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro (AEDP), designed by the St Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology from…

Cardiogen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg, AEDR) is a synthetic tetrapeptide from the Khavinson family of bioregulators, studied as a heart-tissue peptide …

Neuromedin U (NmU) is a neuropeptide found in brain and gut, first isolated in 1985 for its uterus-contracting activity. Acting through the …

Kisspeptin is a hypothalamic neuropeptide encoded by the KISS1 gene that binds the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R, formerly GPR54) on GnRH neur…

Difelikefalin (Korsuva) is a synthetic tetrapeptide of D-amino acids that selectively activates κ-opioid receptors in the periphery without …

Zilucoplan (Zilbrysq) is a synthetic macrocyclic peptide that binds complement C5 and blocks its cleavage, preventing formation of the membr…

Trofinetide (Daybue, NNZ-2566) is a synthetic analogue of glycine-proline-glutamate, the N-terminal tripeptide cleaved from insulin-like gro…

Sovateltide (Tycamzzi, IRL-1620) is a synthetic 14-amino-acid analogue of endothelin-1 residues 8–21 that acts as a highly selective endothe…

Protirelin is synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), the hypothalamic tripeptide pGlu-His-Pro-NH2 (C16H22N6O4, ≈362 Da) that trigger…

Anrikefon (HSK21542) is a synthetic tetrapeptide of D-amino acids (D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys) capped with a 2-acetyl-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane…

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide of the VIP/secretin/glucagon superfamily that exists as PACAP-3…

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, also CRF or corticoliberin) is the 41-amino-acid hypothalamic peptide that triggers ACTH and β-endorph…